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Vanuatu萬那杜
Venezuela委內瑞拉

Vietnam越南

 

Vanuatu 萬那杜

萬那杜
1961年1月23日制憲。

第三條

第一項
萬那杜共和國之國家語言為碧斯拉瑪語 (Bislama)。官方語言為碧斯拉瑪語、英語及法語,教育之主要語言為英語及法語。
第二項
萬那杜共和國應保護各民族之地方語言,並宣佈其中之一為國家語言。

第五條

第一項
萬那杜共和國承認,儘管對於非公民有法律加以限制,所有的人,不論其種族、出生地、宗教或傳統信仰、政治主張、語言或性別,均被賦予下列基本權利及個人自由,;惟其前提必須尊重他人之權利與自由,以及尊重在國防、安全、公共秩序、公共福祉與健康之合法的公共利益。

第一款 
生活
第二款
自由
第三款
人身安全
第四款
法律保護
第五款
免除遭受非人道的對待及武力脅迫之勞動…

第二項
法律之保護包含下列事項:

第三款
任何人,當其遭到犯罪指控時,應儘速以其所能瞭解之語言告知其所遭到控訴的罪名。
第四款
凡遭到控訴之人,若無法瞭解審判過程所使用的語言,將可獲得翻譯之協助。

第三十條

第一項
全國部落酋長會議得以討論關於習慣及傳統的事務,及建議萬那杜 (ni-Vanuatu) 文化和各語言之保存與推廣事務。
第二項
本會議可接受任何問題的諮詢,特別是與國會法案決議前有關的傳統及習慣問題。

第六十四條

第一項
萬那杜公民可以其所使用之官方語言,得到萬那杜共和國行政單位應有之合理服務。
第二項
當有違反第一項內容之事發生時,人民可向監察官提出申訴,並由其依據第六十二及六十三條之規定進行調查。

第二款
監察官應於每年針對多元語言主義向國會提出特別報告,以確保多元語言主義受到尊重。

第八十六條
憲法中關於碧斯拉瑪語、英語及法語地位、選舉制度或國會體制條文的修正案,雖經國會依據憲法第八十五條通過,仍須由公民投票同意,才具效力。


Vanuatu
Constitution as adopted on 23 January 1961.

Article 3 
(1) The national language of the Republic of Vanuatu is Bislama. The official languages are Bislama, English and French. The principal languages of education are English and French. 
(2) The Republic of Vanuatu shall protect the different local languages which are part of the national heritage, and may declare one of them as a national language. 

Article 5 
(1) The Republic of Vanuatu recognises, that, subject to any restrictions imposed by law on non-citizens, all persons are entitled to the following fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual without discrimination on the grounds of race, place of origin, religious or traditional beliefs, political opinions, language or sex but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and to the legitimate public interest in defence, safety, public order, welfare and health - 
(a) life; 
(b) liberty; 
(c) security of the person; 
(d) protection of the law; 
(e) freedom from inhuman treatment and forced labour;…
(2) Protection of the law shall include the following- 
(c) everyone charged shall be informed promptly in a language he understands of the offence with which he is being charged; 
(d) if an accused does not understand the language to be used in the proceedings he shall be provided with an interpreter throughout the proceedings; 

Article 30 
(1) The National Council of Chiefs has a general competence to discuss all matters relating to custom and tradition and may make recommendations for the preservation and promotion of ni-Vanuatu culture and languages. 
(2) The Council may be consulted on any question, particularly any question relating to tradition and custom, in connection with any bill before Parliament. 

Article 64 
(1) A citizen of Vanuatu may obtain, in the official language that he uses, the services which he may rightfully expect from the administration of the Republic of Vanuatu. 
(2) Where a citizen considers that there has been a breach of subarticle (1) he may make a complaint to the Ombudsman who shall conduct an enquiry in accordance with Articles 62 and 63. 
(3) The Ombudsman shall, each year, make a special report to Parliament concerning the observance of multilingualism and the measures likely to ensure its respect. 

Article 86 
A bill for an amendment of a provision of the Constitution regarding the status of Bislama, English and French, the electoral system, or the parliamentary system, passed by Parliament under Article 85, shall not come into effect unless it has been supported in a national referendum. 

 

Venezuela 委內瑞拉

委內瑞拉
1961年1月23日制憲。

第六條
官方語言為西班牙語。


Venezuela
Constitution as adopted on 23 January 1961. 

Article 6 
The official language is Spanish. 

 

Vietnam 越南

越南
1992年4月15日制憲,2001年12月25日修訂。

第五條
越南社會主義共和國是共同生活在越南國土上的各民族的統一國家。
國家實行各民族間的平等、團結及互助之政策,絕對禁止任何民族歧視及分化的行為。

所有民族均有權使用自己的語言及文字、維護族群認同、以及發展其善良風俗、習慣、傳統和文化。

國家實行各方面的發展政策,逐步提高少數族群同胞的物質與精神生活。

第一百三十三條
人民法院保障越南社會主義共和國內各民族的公民在法庭上使用他們自己的語言文字的權利。

參閱Tran, Mong Lang. 2002. Hien Phap Viet Nam: Tu Nam 1946 Den Nam 2001 [Vietnamese Constitution: from 1946 to 2001]. Saigon: NXB TPHCM.


Viet Nam
Constitution as adopted on 15 April 1992.

Article 5 
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam State is a unified State of the people of various nationalities who live in Vietnamese territory. It implements the policy of equality, solidarity, and mutual assistance among all nationalities, and strictly forbids all discriminatory and divisive behaviour among nationalities. 
All nationalities are authorised to use their own languages and writing; preserve their own ethnic identities; and develop their fine customs, practices, traditions, and cultures. 

Article 133 
The people's courts shall ensure on behalf of citizens of all nationalities in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam the right to use their own spoken languages and scripts before the courts.