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Tajikistan塔吉克思
Thailand泰國
Togo多哥
Tunisia突尼西亞

Turkey土耳其
Turkmenistan吐魯曼斯坦
Tuvalu吐瓦魯

 

Tajikistan 塔吉克斯坦

塔吉克斯坦
1994年11月6日制憲。

第二條
塔吉克斯坦的國家語言為塔吉克語。俄羅斯語為族群間溝通的語言。所有居住在此共和國領土內的民族以及人民,皆有權利自由地使用其母語。

第十七條
所有人在法律及法庭之前一律平等。政府保證人民的權利與自由,不論其族群、種族、性別、語言、信仰、政治信念、教育、社會或財產地位。男人與女人擁有同等之權利。

第六十五條
總統一任五年,經塔吉克斯坦之公民以普通、平等、直接之秘密投票選出。任何公民,年紀在35至65歲間,本國語言流暢,在選舉前於塔吉克斯坦領域內居住十年以上,可經由提名成為共和國總統之候選人。共和國總統候選人其必須獲得百分之五以上選民之聯署提名。總統之連任以兩任為限。

第八十八條
法官藉由陪審團及個別審問方式審理案件。司法程序基於雙方平等之原則進行。除法律事前所禁止之案件外,所有法院聽證均對外開放。司法程序之進行以國家語言或當地多數人所使用之語言為之。若當事者不瞭解審判進行時所用的語言時,得獲得翻譯之服務。


Tajikistan
Constitution as adopted on 6 November 1994.

Article 2 
The state language of Tajikistan is Tajik. Russian is a language of inter-ethnic communication. All nations and peoples residing on the territory of the republic have the right to use freely their native languages. 

Article 17 
All persons are equal before the law and the courts. The government guarantees the rights and freedoms of every person regardless of ethnicity, race, sex, language, faith, political beliefs, education, or social or property status. Men and women have equal rights. 

Article 65 
The President is elected for a term of five years by the citizens of Tajikistan on the basis of general, equal, and direct voting rights by secret ballot. Any citizen who is age 35 to 65, is fluent in the state language, and has been resident on the territory of Tajikistan for at least the previous ten years may be nominated as a candidate for the office of President of the Republic. A candidate for the office of President of the Republic is any person who has so registered and has collected the signatures of nomination of no less than five percent of the voters. No one may be President for more than two consecutive terms. 

Article 88 
Judges review cases both on panels and individually. The judicial process is exercised on the basis of the principle of the adversarial nature and equality of parties. Hearings in all courts are open, except in cases anticipated by law. Judicial proceedings are carried out in either the state language or in the language of the majority of the people of a given locality. Persons who do not speak the language of the judicial proceedings are provided with the services of an interpreter. 

 

Thailand 泰國

泰國
1997年9月27日制憲。

第三十條
法律之前人人平等,且被賦予同等之保護及法律之施行。男人與女人擁有同等之權利。
因出身或出生地、種族、語言、年紀、生理或健康狀況、個人地位、經濟或社會情況、宗教、教育、或政治意識型態為理由的歧視是違憲的。
政府為了去除障礙並推動部分人士之權利及自由的行使,以使其可以享有與他人平等之立足點所採取的相關措施,將不被視為差別待遇。


Thailand
Constitution as adopted on 27 September 1997. 

Article 30 
All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection and application of the law. Men and women have equal rights. 
Discrimination against persons by reason of difference in origin or country of birth, race, language, age, physical or health status, personal status, economic or social status, religion, education, or political ideology is unconstitutional. 
Measures devised by the government to remove obstacles and promote the rights and liberties of some people to set them on an equal footing with others will not be regarded as discrimination. 

 

Togo 多哥

多哥
1992年9月27日制憲。

第三條
多哥共和國的官方語言為法語。


Togo
Constitution as adopted on 27 September 1992.

Article 3 
…La langue officielle de la République Togolaise est le français.

 

Tunisia 突尼西亞

突尼西亞
1959年6月1日制憲。

第一條
突尼西亞為一自由、獨立之主權國家;其宗教為伊斯蘭教,語言為阿拉伯語,政體形式為共和國。


Tunisia
Constitution as adopted on 1 June 1959.

Article 1 
Tunisia is a free State, independent and sovereign; its religion is the Islam, its language is Arabic, and its form is the Republic.

 

Turkey 土耳其

土耳其
1982年11月9日制憲。

第三條
土耳其國的領土與人民,乃一不可分割之整體。其國家語言為土耳其語。

第十條
每一個人,不論其語言、種族、膚色、性別、政治主張、哲學信仰、宗教與教派之差異等理由,人人在法律之前一律平等。

第十四條
本憲法所規定之基本自由與權利,不得用於破壞國家之領土與人民不可分割之完整性、危害土耳其國家與共和體制之存續、消滅基本權利及自由、協助使國家被某一個人或集團控制、或造成某一社會階級對其他社會階級的壓制,或引起語言、種族、宗教及教派的歧視,或意圖循其他任何途徑,依照上述負面思想來建立國家體制等。

第二十六條
……思想之公開與傳播,不得使用法律所禁止之語言文字。凡違反上述規定之書寫或印刷文件、唱片、錄音及錄影帶或其他表達工具及器物,皆應依法官所做之裁決予以沒收;或認為不宜延宕的情況下,得由法律授權機關下令沒收。下令沒收之機關,應於二十四小時內將此命令通知主事法官。法官應於三天內作成裁決。

第二十八條
新聞有自由,不受檢查。出版社之成立無須申請許可也不必繳交保證金。
不得出版法律所禁止之任何語言的刊物。

第四十二條
訓練及教育機構不得使用土耳其語之外的任何語言為教學語言來對土耳其公民從事教學。訓練及教育機構從事外語的語言教學時的相關規定由法律定之。國際條約之規定則予保留。


Turkey
Constitution as adopted on 9 November 1982.

Article 3 
The Turkish State, with its territory and nation, is an indivisible entity. Its language is Turkish. 

Article 10 
All individuals are equal without any discrimination before the law, irrespective of language, race, colour, sex, political opinion, philosophical belief, religion and sect, or any such considerations. 

Article 14 
None of the rights and freedoms embodied in the Constitution shall be exercised with the aim of violating the indivisible integrity of the State with its territory and nation, of endangering the existence of the Turkish State and Republic, of destroying fundamental rights and freedoms, of placing the government of the State under the control of an individual or a group of people, or establishing the hegemony of one social class over others, or creating discrimination on the basis of language, race, religion or sect, or of establishing by any other means a system of government based on these concepts and ideas. 

Article 26 
…No language prohibited by law shall be used in the expression and dissemination of thought. Any written or printed documents, phonograph records, magnetic or video tapes, and other means of expression used in contravention of this provision shall be seized by a duly issued decision of a judge or, in cases where delay is deemed prejudicial, by the competent authority designated by law. The authority issuing the seizure order shall notify the competent judge of its decision within twenty-four hours. The judge shall decide on the matter within three days. 

Article 28 
The press is free, and shall not be censored. The establishment of a printing house shall not be subject to prior permission or the deposit of a financial guarantee. 
Publication shall not be made in any language prohibited by law. 

Article 42 
No language other than Turkish shall be taught as a mother tongue to Turkish citizens at any institutions of training or education. Foreign languages to be taught in institutions of training and education and the rules to be followed by schools conducting training and education in a foreign language shall be determined by law. The provisions of international treaties are reserved.

 

Turkmenistan 土庫曼尼斯

土庫曼尼斯坦
1992年5月18日制憲。

第十三條
土庫曼尼斯坦之國家語言為土庫曼語。
土庫曼尼斯坦之公民皆有權利使用其母語。

第十七條
土庫曼尼斯坦保障其公民之權利與自由的平等;在法律之前,不論其民族、出身、財產或公職地位、居住地、語言、宗教態度、政治信念或黨籍,所有公民一律平等。

第一百零六條
司法程序應以國家語言進行。參與司法案件之人,若不瞭解司法程序所使用的語言時,有權以其母語理解司法案件資料、參與司法行動,以及在法庭上作證。


Turkmenistan
Constitution as adopted on 18 May 1992. 

Article 13 
The state language of Turkmenistan shall be the Turkmen language. 
All citizens of Turkmenistan shall be guaranteed the right to use their native language. 

Article 17 
Turkmenistan shall guarantee the equality of the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as the equality of citizens before the law irrespective of nationality, origin, property status or official position, place of residence, language, attitude towards religion, political beliefs, or party membership. 

Article 106 
Judicial procedure shall be conducted in the state language. Persons participating in the case who do not speak the language of the judicial procedure shall be ensured the right to acquaint themselves with the materials of the case and to participate in judicial action, and also the right to testify in court in their native language. 

 

Tuvalu 土瓦魯

土瓦魯
1986年9月15日制憲。

第十七條

第三項
凡遭拘留之人,應儘速以其所能瞭解之語言,告知其遭到拘留之原因。

第二十二條

第三項
遭犯罪之指控者……

第二款
在合理可行的範圍內,應儘速以其所能瞭解之語言,詳細地告知其所遭到控告之犯罪事由。
第七款
若其無法瞭解審判進行時所用的語言,應允許其免費獲得適任之翻譯的協助。

第三十七條

第一項
凡因本法第三十六條之規定而遭到拘留者(在緊急危難期間對特定權利及自由之限制):

第一款
任何遭逮捕或拘留者,應在合理的時間內,最遲不得超過十天,以其所能瞭解知之語言,以書面方式,詳細告知其遭逮捕或拘留的原因;


Tuvalu
Constitution as adopted on 15 September 1986.

Article 17 
(3) A person who is detained shall be informed as soon as practicable, and in a language that he understands, of the reason for his detention. 

Article 22 
(3) A person charged with an offence: 
(b) shall be informed as soon as practicable, in detail and in a language that he understands, of the precise nature, and particulars of the offence charged, and if the information is not given in writing it shall be confirmed in writing as soon as practicable; and 
(g) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of a competent interpreter, if he cannot adequately understand the language used at the trial or any part of the trial. 

Article 37 
(1) If a person is detained by virtue of a law authorized only by section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies): 
(a) he shall, as soon as practicable and in any case not more than 10 days after the beginning of his detention. be furnished with a written statement, in a language that he understands, stating in detail the grounds on which he is detained;