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India 印度
Indonesia 印尼
Iran 伊朗
Iraq 伊拉克

Ireland 愛爾蘭
Italy 義大利
Ivory Coast 象牙海岸

 

India 印度

印度
1949年11月26日制憲,1996年修訂。

第二十九條

第一項
在印度領域、或其中某地域居住之公民,應有權保留其固有之語言、文學或文化。
第二項
不得因公民之宗教、種族、種性、語言或其他類似理由,拒絕其於國家所設立、或受國家補助之教育機構內求學的權利。

第三十條

第一項
因宗教或語言而形成之少數族群,應有設立教育機構,以及加以管理的權利。
第一項A
國家制定法律強制徵收少數族群依前項所設置及管理之教育機構的財產時,應確保其金額不致限制或剝奪該項保證之權利。
第二項
國家於補助教育機構時,不得對因為宗教或語言而形成之少數族群,而予以管理上之差別待遇。

第一百二十條

第一項
不論第十七章之規定,於第三百四十八條限制之範圍內,國會之事務,用印度語 (Hindi) 或英語處理。惟參議院議長、眾議院議長或其代理人,有權准許那些無法以印度語或英語來適當表意之議員使用母語表達。
第二項
除國會另以法律規定外,自本憲法施行之日起十五年後,前項所規定之「印度語或英語」中的「或英語」應予刪除。

第二百一十條

第一項
州立法機關之事務,在第三百四十八條之限制範圍內,以州之官方語言、該地方語、印度語或英語處理之,不受第十七章規定之限制。
但立法議會議長、立法參議會議長或其代理人,有權准許那些不能以本條規定之語言來適當表意之議員使用其母語。
第二項
除法律另有規定外,州立法機關應自本憲法施行之日起十五年後,將前項「印度語或英語」中之「或英語」刪除。
惟對喜瑪契爾•普拉弟席、曼尼普、美卡拉亞及德里普拉等州之州立法機關,本項所規定之「十五年」應修改為「二十五年」。

第三百四十三條

第一項
聯邦之官方語言為使用德梵那卡瑞字 (Devanagari) 之印度語。聯邦公務所使用之數字型式應為印度數字之國際型式。
第二項
本憲法實行起十五年內,本憲法施行前所使用之英語,得為聯邦一切官方目的而繼續使用,不受前項規定之限制。
惟總統在該十五年期間內,在考慮到行政需要時,得以命令准許在英語之外使用印度語,及在印度數字之國際型式外使用德梵那卡瑞型式之數字。
第八項
經十五年後,國會得不顧本條之規定而以法律規定,使用(一)英語或(二)德梵那卡瑞型式之數字。

第三百四十四條

第一項
總統於本憲法施行後五年和十年時,得以命令設置委員會。委員會以主任委員一人,及總統所指定之基於第八附則所規定之不同語言團體代表共同組成。該命令並應規定該委員會應遵守之程序。
第二項
委員會有對總統就下列事項提出建議之責任:

第一款
在聯邦行政體系內使用印度語的情形
第二款
在聯邦的部份或全部行政體系內限制英語使用的情形
第三款
第三百四十八條所規定使用的語言;
第四款
聯邦有特別目的而規定使用的數字型式;
第五款
其他由總統交付委員會討論之事項,譬如關於聯邦之官方語言,聯邦與州、或州與州間通信之語言及其使用等。

第三項
委員會依第二項之規定提出建議時,應對印度產業、文化和科學的進步,及非印度語使用地區公務之利益與其正當性予以充分考量。

第三百四十五條
州立法機關,除第三百四十六條及第三百四十七條規定之情形外,得制訂法律,以該州所使用之一種或以上語言或印度語,在所有或部分的官方場合中使用。惟在州立法機關,未以法律另設規定以前,本憲法施行前州內所使用之英語,仍得繼續使用。

第三百四十六條
某語言欲成為聯邦之官方語言時之先決條件為該語言需為州與州或州與聯邦間之溝通語言。州與州之間,只要雙方同意以印度語為行政溝通語言,即可採用印度語。

第三百四十七條
在基於州之多數人口希望以其所使用之語言在該州獲得公認時,總統得應其要求,承認該語言為該州之全部或部分使用之語言。

第三百四十八條

第一項
除國會另以法律規定外,下列文件得使用英語,不受本篇前列各條規定影響:

第一款
最高法院及高等法院中之一切訴訟或審理程序;
第二款
下列官方文件:
甲、國會兩議院、州立法機關之議會或兩議會所提出之法案或修正案;
乙、國會或州立法機關決議通過之法案,及總統或州長所公布的命令;
丙、於本憲法、國會、或州立法機關所制訂之法律,而發佈之一切命令、規則、規程及細則。

第二項
在總統事前同意下,州長不受第一項第依款規定之影響,得許可以印度語或該州其他行政語言,為該州主要所在地高等法院之各項程序所使用的語言。
惟本項規定不適用於該高等法院之裁判、判決或命令。
第三項
州立法機關未依第一項第二款之規定,而在州立法機關所提出之法案、州立法機關所決議通過之制訂法、州長所公布之命令,或前項第二款第三目所規定之命令、規則、規程或細則等處使用英語以外之語言時,在州長依職權發表英文翻譯本後,各原文得視為正本。

第三百四十九條
於本憲法施行後十五年間,為達到第三百四十八條第一項規定之目的,所使用語言之法案或其修正案,非經總統事前許可,不得於國會之兩議院提出。總統非依第三百四十四條第一項規定所組織之委員會的建議加以考量後,對於法案之提出或修正案之提議,不得予以許可。

第三百五十條
人民對於聯邦或州之官吏或機關提出陳情時,得以聯邦或州內之任一種語言行之。

第三百五十條之一
各州及州內各地方機關,應努力為少數語言族群之兒童提供以母語受教之教育措施;總統在考量其必要性和適當性後,得指令各州確實遵守此一條項。

第三百五十條之二

第一項
總統得為少數語言族群設置特別官員。
第二項
特別官員負責監督本憲法對少數語言族群提供的保護措施的落實情形,並在總統指定期間向總統提出監督報告;總統並應對國會兩院提出所有相關報告,並移交給有關的州政府。

第三百五十一條
聯邦之任務,應在促進印度語之普及,使之發展為表現印度文化各種要素之工具,並在不損害其優點、形式、樣態及表現之下,和希都斯坦尼語 (Hindustani) 及其他第八附則所規定之其他印度語同化,並於必要或希望時,先由梵語 (Sanskrit)、次由其他語言,擷取語彙以豐富其內容。

第八附則
1. Assamese語. 2. Bengali語. 3. Gujarati語. 4. Hindi 5. Kannada語. 6. Kashmiri語. 7. Malayalam語. 8. Marathi語. 9. Oriya語. 10. Punjabi語. 11. Sanskrit語. 12. Sindhi語. 13. Tamil語. 14. Telegu語. 15. Urdu語.


India
Constitution as adopted on 26 November 1949, updated to 1996.

Article 29 
1. Any section of the citizens of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same. 
2. No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the state or receiving aid out of state funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language, or any of them. 

Article 30 
1. All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. 
1A. In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause 1, the state shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for acquisition of such property is such as would restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause. 
2. The state shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language. 

Article 120 
1. Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of Article 348, business in Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi or in English: Provided that the Chairman of the Council of States or Speaker of the House of the People, or person acting as such, as the case may be, may permit any member who cannot adequately express himself in Hindi or in English to address the House in his mother tongue. 
2. Unless Parliament by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after the expiration of a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have effect as if the words "or in English" were omitted therefrom. 

Article 210 
1. Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of Article 348, business in the Legislature of a state shall be transacted in the official language or languages of the state or in Hindi or in English: 
Provided that the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or Chairman of the Legislative Council, or person acting as such, as the case may be, may permit any member who cannot adequately express himself in any of the languages aforesaid to address the House in his mother tongue. 
2. Unless the Legislature of the state by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after the expiration of a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have effect as if the words "or in English" were omitted therefrom: 
Provided that in relation to the Legislature of the states of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura this clause shall have effect as if the words "fifteen years" occurring therein, the words "twenty-five years" were substituted. 

Article 343 
1. The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. 
2. Notwithstanding anything in clause 1, for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement: 
Provided that the President may, during the said period, by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union... 
8. Notwithstanding anything in this article, Parliament may by law provide for the use, after the said period of fifteen years of: 
(a) the English language, or 
(b) the Devanagari form of numerals,
for such purposes as may be specified in the law. 

Article 344 
1. The President shall, at the expiration of five years from the commencement of this Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of ten years from such commencement, by order constitute a Commission which shall consist of a Chairman and such other members representing the different languages specified in the Eighth Schedule as the President may appoint, and the order shall define the procedure to be followed by the Commission. 
2. It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to: 
(a) the progressive use of the Hindi language for the official purposes of the Union; 
(b) restrictions on the use of the English language for all or any of the official purposes of the Union; 
(c) the language to be used for all or any of the purposes mentioned in Article 348; 
(d) the form of numerals to be used for any one or more specified purposes of the Union; 
(e) any other matter referred to the Commission by the President as regards the official language of the Union and the language for communication between the Union and a state or between one state and another and their use. 
3. In making their recommendations under clause 2, the Commission shall have due regard to the industrial, cultural and scientific advancement of India, and the just claims and the interest of persons belonging to the non-Hindi speaking areas in regard to the public services. 

Article 345 
Subject to the provision of Articles 346 and 347, the Legislature of a state may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the state or Hindi as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes of that state: 
Provided that, until the Legislature of the state otherwise provides by law, the English language shall continue to be used for those official purposes within the state for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of this Constitution. 

Article 346 
The language for the time being authorised for use in the Union for official purposes shall be the official language for communication between one state and another state and between a state and the Union: 
Provided that if two or more states agree that the Hindi language should be the official language for communications between states, that language may be used for such communication. 

Article 347 
On a demand being made in that behalf the President may, if he is satisfied that a substantial proportion of the population of a state desire the use of any language spoken by them to be recognised by that state, direct that such language shall also be officially recognised throughout that state or any part thereof for such purpose as he may specify. 

Article 348 
1. Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, until Parliament by law otherwise provides: 
(a) all proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court, 
(b) the authoritative texts: 
(i) of all bills to be introduced or amendments thereto to be moved in either House of Parliament or in the House or either House of the Legislature of a state, 
(ii) of all Acts passed by Parliament or the Legislature of a state and of all ordinances promulgated by the President or the Governor of a state, and 
(iii) of all orders, rules, regulations and bylaws issued under this Constitution or under any law made by Parliament or the Legislature of a state, 
shall be in the English language.
2. Notwithstanding anything in subclause (a) of clause 1, the Governor of a state may, with the previous consent of the President, authorise the use of the Hindi language or any other language used for any official purposes of the state, in proceedings in the High Court having its principal seat in that state: Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to any judgement, decree or order passed or made by such High Court. 
3. Notwithstanding anything in subclause (b) of clause 1, where the Legislature of a state has prescribed any language other than the English language for use in bills introduced in, acts passed by the Legislature of the state, or in any order, rule, regulation or by law referred to in paragraph (iii) of that subclause, a translation of the same in the English language published under the authority of the Governor of the state in the official Gazette of that state shall be deemed to be the authoritative text thereof in the English language under this article. 

Article 349 
During the period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution no bill or amendment making provision for the language to be used for any of the purposes mentioned in clause 1 of Article 348 shall be introduced or moved in either House of Parliament without the previous sanction of the President, and the President shall not give his sanction to the introduction of any such bill or the moving of any such amendment except after he has taken into consideration the recommendations of the Commission constituted under clause 1 of Article 344 and the report of the Committee constituted under clause 4 of that article. 

Article 350 
Every person shall be entitled to submit a representation for the redress of any grievance to any officer or authority of the Union or a state in any of the languages used in the Union or inn the state, as the case may be. 

Article 350A 
It shall be the endeavour of every state and of every local authority within the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups, and the President may issue such directions to any state as he considers necessary or proper for securing the provision of such facilities. 

Article 350B 
1. There shall be a special officer for linguistic minorities to be appointed by the President. 
2. It shall be the duty of the special officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under this Constitution and report to the President upon those matters at such intervals as the President may direct, and the President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of Parliament, and sent to the governments of the states concerned. 

Article 351 
It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating, without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expression used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages. 

Eighth Schedule 
1. Assamese. 2. Bengali. 3. Gujarati. 4. Hindi. 5. Kannada. 6. Kashmiri. 7. Malayalam. 8. Marathi. 9. Oriya. 10. Punjabi. 11. Sanskrit. 12. Sindhi. 13. Tamil. 14. Telegu. 15. Urdu. 

Indonesia 印尼

印尼
1945年8月制憲。

第三十六條
印尼語為官方語言。


Indonesia
Constitution as adopted on August 1945. 

Article 36 
The official language shall be the Indonesian language. 

Iran 伊朗

伊朗
1979年10月24日制憲。

第十五條
伊朗的官方及共通語言及文字為波斯語 (Persian)。所有官方文件、書信、報告及教科書之書寫均應使用此語文。但在學校除波斯語之外,亦可教授地方或族群語文。

第十六條
由於可蘭經和伊斯蘭的研究和教學都是使用阿拉伯語,而且波斯文學裡頭也使用許多阿拉伯語,因此小學以後之所有中等學校及各學科領域中,都應教授阿拉伯語文。

第十九條
伊朗全體人民,不分族群、家庭和部族出身,應享有平等的權利;不得因膚色、種族、語言及其他類似因素,而享有特權。


Iran
Constitution as adopted on 24 October 1979.

Article 15 
The official and common language and script of the people of Iran is Persian. Official documents, correspondence and statements, as well as text books, shall be written in this language and script. However, the use of local and ethnic literature in the schools, together with Persian language instruction, is also permitted. 

Article 16 
The language of the Koran and Islamic studies and instruction are in Arabic, and Arabic totally permeates Persian literature. Therefore, Arabic must be taught in all classes and areas of study from the time that elementary school is completed until graduation from secondary school. 

Article 19 
The people of Iran, regardless of their ethnic, family and tribal origins, shall enjoy equal rights. Colour, race, language and the like shall not be cause for privilege. 

Iraq 伊拉克

伊拉克
1970年7月16日制訂臨時憲法。

第七條

第一項
官方語言為阿拉伯語。
第二項
在庫德地區,阿拉伯語之外,庫德語也是官方語言。

第十九條

第一項
公民在法律之前一律平等,不得因性別、血統、語言、社會淵源或宗教而受歧視。


Iraq
Interim Constitution as adopted on 16 July 1970. 

Article 7 
1. Arabic is the official language. 
2. The Kurdish language is official, besides Arabic, in the Kurdish region. 

Article 19 
1. Citizens are equal before the law, without discrimination because of sex, blood, language, social origin or religion. 

Ireland 愛爾蘭

愛爾蘭
1937年7月1日制憲。

第八條

第一項
愛爾蘭語為國家語言,並為第一官方語言。
第二項
英語為第二官方語言。
第三項
為行政需要,可依法規定在全國或任何部分地區單獨使用前述任一種的語言。

第十八條

第七項
在由各組候選人中選出上議院議員前,依法律必須先組成五組候選人,且候選人須符合底下條件:

第一款
對國家語言、文化、文學、藝術、教育等議題有研究及實際經驗者,或符合其他法令另行規定之條件者。

第二十五條

第四項

第三款
總統應簽署國會兩院通過或被視為通過的法案,若法案以兩種官方語言版本通過,總統應在兩種版本上簽署。
第四款
當總統只簽署兩種官方語言之一的版本時,應發布另一種官方語言版本的官方譯本。
第五款
總統簽署的法案在公佈為法律後,總統簽署的原件或簽署的兩種或兩種之一官方語言版本的原件,即應收於最高法院書記處,並成為該法律條款的最終版本。
第六款
若前述所指收錄的法律,兩種官方語言版本間發生牴觸,以國語版本為優先。

第五項

第一款
必要時,總理得隨時要求察看兩種官方語言版本的憲法條文或修正條文。
第四款
本憲法各種版本之間發生牴觸時,以國家語言版本優先適用。


Ireland
Constitution as adopted on 1 July 1937. 

Article 8 
1. The Irish language as the national language is the first official language. 
2. The English language is recognised as a second official language. 
3. Provision may, however, be made by law for the exclusive use of either of the said languages for any one or more official purposes, either throughout the state or in any part thereof. 

Article 18 
7. Before each general election of the members of the Seanad Eireann to be elected from panels of candidates, five panels of candidates shall be formed in the manner provided by law containing respectively the names of persons having knowledge and practical experience of the following interests and services, namely: 
(i) national language and culture, literature, art, education and such professional interests as may be defined by law for the purpose of this panel;

Article 25 
4. (3) Every bill shall be signed by the President in the text in which it was passed or deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas, and if a bill is so passed or deemed to have been passed in both the official languages, the President shall sign the text of the bill in each of those languages. 
(4) Where the President signs the text of a bill in one only of the official languages, an official translation shall be issued in the other official language. 
(5) As soon as may be after the signature and promulgation of a bill as a law, the text of such law which was signed by the President or, where the President has signed the text of such law in each of the official languages, both the signed texts shall be enrolled for record in the office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court and the text, or both texts, so enrolled shall be conclusive evidence of the provisions of such law. 
(6) In case of conflict between the texts of a law enrolled under this section in both the official languages, the text in the national language shall prevail... 
5. (1) It shall be lawful for the Taoiseach, from time to time as occasion appears to him to require, to cause to be prepared under his supervision a text, in both official languages, of this Constitution as then in force embodying all amendments theretofore made therein... 
(4) In case of conflict between the texts of any copy of this Constitution enrolled under this section, the text in the national language shall prevail. 

Italy 義大利

義大利
1947年12月22日制憲。

第三條
所有公民都有平等的社會地位,並在法律之前一律平等,不因性別、種族、語言、宗教、政治意見及個人或社會條件而受歧視。

第六條
共和國應以特別條款保障少數語言族群。


Italy
Constitution as adopted on 22 December 1947.

Article 3 
All citizens are invested with equal social status and are equal before the law, without distinction as to sex, race, language, religion, political opinions and personal or social conditions. 

Article 6 
The Republic shall safeguard linguistic minorities by means of special provisions. 

Ivory Coast 象牙海岸

象牙海岸
1960年11月3日制憲。

第一條
……官方語言應為法語。


Ivory Coast
Constitution as adopted on 3 November 1960. 

Article 1 
…The official language shall be French…