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Reference

  • ¿D¬wºû¬Ù°ª¦Ò¤¤¤å¬ì´ú¸Õ­z­n §Â²Ð°òhttp://www.cmi.hku.hk/Ref/Oversea/Australia/

  • Emenanjo, E. Nolue. Language Policies and Cultural Identities. (paper presented in the World Congress on Language Policies, Barcelona, 16-20 April 2002)

  • Gelber, Harry. July-August 2002. "Is Australia's identity changing? Australian social assimilation and multiculturalism". Quadrant pp. 17-26.

  • Jupp, James. Spring 1995. "From White Australia to Part of Asia: recent shifts in Australian immigration policy towards the region". International Migration Review 29(1): 207-229.

  • Lo Bianco, J. 1987. National Policy on Languages. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Education, Australian Government Publishing Services.

  • March 2000. "The Stolen Generation: Aboriginal Assimilation in Australia". (Brief Article). Migration World Magazine 28(3): 9.

  • McDonald, J. December 1998. "Immigration and Australia: Myths and Realities". Economic Record 74(227): 419-422.

  • Rhydwen, Mari. March 1994. [book reviews]. The Politics of Language in Australia. Oceania 64(3): 274-275.

  • Smolicz, J.J., Nical, I. and Secombe, M. J. Assimilation or Pluralism? Changing Policies for Minority Languages Education in Australia and the Philippine. (paper presented in the World Congress on Language Policies, Barcelona, 16-20 April 2002)

  • Stratton, Jon. September 2000. "Not Just Another Multicultural Story". Journal of Australian Studies.

  • Tisdell, Mariel. February 1998. "Socio-economic aspects of language policies: an Australian perspective". International Journal of Social Economics 25(2-4): 134-135

  • Viviani, Nancy. Spring 1993. [book reviews]. The Politics of Language in Australia. The Australia Journal of Anthropology 4(2): 128-130.

  • Wuethrich, Bernice. May 19, 2000. "Learning the World's Language before They Vanish". Science 288(5469).



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¡i1¡jhttp://www.ecu.edu.au/ses/research/CALLR/sociowww/notes/notes7LoBianco.htm

¡i2¡jhttp://www.ecu.edu.au/ses/research/CALLR/sociowww/notes/notes7Ozolins.htm



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A NEW AGENDA FOR MULTICULTURAL AUSTRALIA
DECEMBER 1999M

FOREWORD

Australia occupies a unique intersection of culture, geography, history and economic circumstance. We are blessed with immense natural resources, living in a continent of great physical beauty. We have an educated and skilled workforce, democratic institutions, social harmony and a lifestyle that is the envy of the world.

We approach the new century with great optimism and with a renewed sense of purpose and confidence in our economic strength and way of life.

Australia¡¦s cultural diversity is one of our most important attributes as we face the challenges of a rapidly changing world. It has been nourished by our indigenous cultures, early European settlement and successive waves of immigration from all parts of the world. Our democratic values and commitment to a fair go for all underpin Australia¡¦s success as a multicultural and cosmopolitan society.

We are an open and tolerant society that promotes the celebration of diversity within the context of a unifying commitment to Australia. Our diversity is a source of competitive advantage, cultural enrichment and social stability.

The Government¡¦s response to the National Multicultural Advisory Council¡¦s report Australian multiculturalism for a new century: Towards inclusiveness, is intended to build on these achievements.

We cannot take what we have achieved for granted. Government policies and programs should be subject to periodic evaluation and renewal to keep them relevant and responsive to changing circumstances. The Government¡¦s response has been prepared after extensive consultations with interested groups and it is the fruits of two years of work by the Hon Philip Ruddock MP, Neville Roach and their associates.

On behalf of the Government, I thank them for their outstanding work.

John Howard


Message from the Minister

On 20 June 1997 I announced the appointment of a new National Multicultural Advisory Council. Its terms of reference asked the Council to ¡¥develop a report which recommends on a policy and implementation framework for the next decade that is aimed at ensuring that cultural diversity is a unifying force for Australia¡¦. The Council¡¦s report Australian multiculturalism for a new century: Towards inclusiveness was launched by the Prime Minister on 5 May 1999.

In the past 25 years there have been many official reports in relation to immigration and multicultural issues, and I welcome the Council¡¦s report which makes recommendations that build on these previous reports. The report also draws on the public consultation that followed the Council¡¦s December 1997 Issues Paper Multicultural Australia: The Way Forward.

I would like to record my appreciation of the work of the Council under the Chairmanship of Mr Neville Roach. The task the Government set for the Council was a very demanding one and the fact that its report has been so positively received is testament to its quality.

The Council¡¦s 32 recommendations signal an evolutionary development of past practice, and I am pleased to say that the Government is able to embrace the essential thrust and main elements of the report. This document contains the Government¡¦s response to each recommendation.

The Government supports the Council¡¦s view that future multicultural policy should emphasise its relevance to all Australians and focus on strategies to maximise the benefits of cultural diversity. These are major and important challenges and are consistent with the overall outcomes the Government is seeking from multicultural policy: enhanced community harmony and achieving benefits from our diversity, in the national interest.

The Government¡¦s plan of action is formulated with these priorities in mind and will be implemented in the years ahead to ensure that our cultural diversity is indeed a unifying force for Australia.

Philip Ruddock
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs
Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Reconciliation


1.MULTICULTURAL AUSTRALIA

The Commonwealth Government remains committed to multicultural Australia. It has been central to our social, political, cultural and economic growth as a nation over the past fifty years, and is vital to our further development in the new millennium and beyond.

Australia is comprised of people who were born in this country and who have migrated here. Together, we have witnessed many changes in our nation. Our many shared experiences have produced a complex, cosmopolitan society, but together we have met and overcome challenges and striven for harmonious relationships between Australians from all backgrounds.

For its part, the Commonwealth Government has worked to ensure that our cultural diversity and all its implications are appropriately addressed through the development of policies and principles based on tolerance, humanity and mutual respect. A particular commitment by the Government has been to ensure that all Australians have the opportunity to be active and equal participants in Australian society, free to live their lives and maintain their cultural traditions.

But the democratic foundations of our society contain a balance of rights and obligations. The freedom of all Australians in practice is dependent on their abiding by mutual civic obligations. Thus, all Australians are expected to have an overriding commitment to Australia and the basic structures and principles common to Australian society. These are the Constitution, Parliamentary democracy, freedom of speech and religion, English as the national language, the rule of law, tolerance, and equality ¡V including equality of the sexes.

Within this broad framework, each individual and group is welcome to make a contribution to the common good. We do not seek to impose a sameness on all our people. Nor do we seek to discourage the further evolution of the Australian culture which already includes the heritage of Indigenous Australians, our British and Irish settlers, our Australian-grown customs, and those of our more recently-arrived migrant groups. We are, in reality as well as by definition, a multicultural nation.

The term Australian multiculturalism summarises the way we address the challenges and opportunities of our cultural diversity. It is a term which recognises and celebrates Australia¡¦s cultural diversity. It accepts and respects the right of all Australians to express and share their individual cultural heritage within an overriding commitment to Australia and the basic structures and values of Australian democracy. It also refers specifically to the strategies, policies and programs that are designed to:

  • make our administrative, social and economic infrastructure more responsive to the rights, obligations and needs of our culturally diverse population;

  • promote social harmony among the different cultural groups in our society; and

  • optimise the benefits of our cultural diversity for all Australians.

The values of Australian multiculturalism form one dimension of the values which make up Australian citizenship which is built on a set of common civic values, rights and obligations that can unify Australians. These include: respect for institutional structures, participation in support of democracy and its institutions, respect for the law, respect for and tolerance of others¡¦ beliefs and practices, individual freedom of association and prime loyalty to Australia¡¦s interests.

The shared civic values that underpin Australia¡¦s civic identity and citizenship must necessarily reflect the cultural diversity of Australian society. Indeed Australian citizenship has played an important unifying role in the development of Australia¡¦s nationhood and the modern multicultural society which has evolved from it.

A strong multicultural framework can provide a firm basis for citizenship, and vice versa. Although Australians are very different as individuals we are unified by our common citizenship.

Multicultural policy also has its roots in Australian culture and contributes to its continuous enhancement and projection on the world stage. Australian culture includes Indigenous Australians, our British and Irish heritage, our Australian-grown customs, and those of our more recently arrived migrant groups as part of a dynamic and interacting set of life patterns. Australians all share a common culture, but every group and individual makes its own unique contribution to it.

For multiculturalism to be a unifying force in our developing nationhood and identity, it needs to be inclusive. It is about and for all Australians; it is not concerned mainly with immigration and minority ethnic communities. Multicultural Australia emphasises the things that unite us as a people ¡V our common membership of the Australian community, our desire for social harmony, the benefits of our diversity and our evolving national character and identity.

In this context, the multicultural framework of our society has broadly benefited Indigenous peoples through its promotion of the integrity of diverse cultures and their harmonious intermingling. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are Australia¡¦s original inhabitants - its ¡¥First Peoples¡¦. While, therefore, they provide a foundation for the cultural diversity of the nation, it is appropriate that their distinct needs and rights be reaffirmed and accorded separate consideration.

Australian society has gained breadth and depth through the many benefits of our multicultural population. Our non-discriminatory immigration policy has drawn people from all around the world rather than from any one particular region. We thus have a reservoir of talent, energy, skills and knowledge which facilitates the way we do business with the rest of the world, especially given the reality of modern life and the ¡¥global village¡¦.

Modern communication facilities allow businesses located here to deal with markets and exchanges the world over as well as with customers in the towns and cities of Australia. Likewise, the growth of global media systems allows business arrangements to be conducted from local urban centres by way of the ¡¥electronic super highway¡¦, using satellite, cable and other technology.

Products may thus be developed in Australia specifically for markets which may have quite different cultures to our own and marketed through international outlets. In such an environment, businesses which are able to communicate in the languages of their customers and appreciate their cultural preferences will obviously have a distinct competitive advantage over those that do not.

The Government¡¦s Productive Diversity strategy aims to capitalise on the linguistic and cultural skills, business networks and market knowledge of individuals in our diverse population and to remove any impediments to their effective contribution in the workforce. This is to the advantage of all Australians and is yet another example of the benefits of our multicultural policy.

The Government will continue actively to seek opportunities to work in partnership with the private sector to help maximise the economic and social benefits of our diversity. Among other things, the Government has initiated a Productive Diversity Partnership Program, a cooperative venture between the Commonwealth, a group of Australia¡¦s foremost business schools and the private sector, including some of Australia¡¦s largest and most prominent corporations. Its purpose is to develop curriculum material for business education in both the university and TAFE sectors.

The ultimate goal is to achieve widespread appreciation of the fact that productivity and performance improvements are achievable through diversity management strategies, and that diversity planning should be viewed as an integral part of an organisation¡¦s business planning process.

In summary, we have built a social infrastructure of institutions, traditions and processes on our democratic foundation. Cultural diversity is one of our great social, cultural and economic resources. Australian unity in this diversity has been built on such moral values as respect for difference, tolerance and a common commitment to freedom, and an overriding commitment to Australia¡¦s national interests. For multicultural Australia to continue to flourish for the good of all Australians, multicultural policies and programs should be built on the foundation of our democratic system, using the following principles:

  • Civic Duty, which obliges all Australians to support those basic structures and principles of Australian society which guarantee us our freedom and equality and enable diversity in our society to flourish;

  • Cultural Respect, which, subject to the law, gives all Australians the right to express their own culture and beliefs and obliges them to accept the right of others to do the same;

  • Social Equity, which entitles all Australians to equality of treatment and opportunity so that they are able to contribute to the social, political and economic life of Australia, free from discrimination, including on the grounds of race, culture, religion, language, location, gender or place of birth; and

  • Productive Diversity, which maximises for all Australians the significant cultural, social and economic dividends arising from the diversity of our population.

Australia¡¦s cultural diversity will be a continuing and fundamental strength of our society if the community and institutions base their action and measure their achievements on these four principles.

The Government also believes these principles form a sound basis for workplace diversity planning strategies, both within government and the private sector. Indeed, the Commonwealth Government has taken a leadership role in implementing workplace diversity. For example, ¡¥respecting and valuing the diversity of the workforce by helping to prevent and eliminate discrimination on the basis of race, colour, sex, sexual preference, age, physical or mental disability, marital status, family responsibilities, pregnancy, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin¡¦ is a principle object of the Workplace Relations Act 1996.

The private sector faces the same diversity issues in relation to its workforce and clients as the public sector. The Government is itself committed to encouraging a holistic approach to the management of diversity and is keen to work with business to address the common issues.

Such involvement is consistent with the overall aim of the Government¡¦s multicultural policy: the achievement of enhanced community harmony and maximum benefits from our diversity, in the national interest. It is also consistent with a Plan of Action the Government has formulated for implementation in the years ahead to ensure that our cultural diversity is indeed a unifying force for Australia.

2.PLAN OF ACTION

To take forward multicultural policy, the Government has adopted a Plan of Action which will put into effect its on-going commitment and involvement in this area.

The Plan includes providing Commonwealth leadership to, and cooperation with, other spheres of government, the private sector and the wider community in relation to diversity management programs, and fostering closer working relationships with these sectors. Among other things, the Government will:

  • facilitate partnerships within sectors of Australian government by means of a ¡¥Diversity Australia¡¦ home page which will not only act as a coordination point for information of national significance but also facilitate international networking;

  • implement a public information and education strategy to raise awareness and understanding of the benefits of Australia¡¦s cultural diversity, counter myths and misunderstandings and promote behaviour patterns and attitudes that build community harmony;

  • continue to promote the productivity and performance improvements achievable through diversity management strategies including partnerships with the private sector; and

  • promote an ¡¥outreach¡¦ program to encourage harmonious relationships between people or organisations of different cultural backgrounds.

To assist the Government to develop and implement the Plan of Action which includes consultation, discussion and communication, it will establish a broad-based Council for Multicultural Australia. The Council will report to the Prime Minister and to the Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs and be supported by the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (DIMA). The Council¡¦s terms of reference will include:

  • assisting the coordination of the Government¡¦s multicultural policy and programs within the Commonwealth and in relation to other spheres of government, the private sector and the wider community;

  • promoting community relations and harmony, with a particular emphasis on raising awareness and understanding of:

    • the relevance of Australia¡¦s multicultural policy for all Australians; and

    • the economic and social benefits of cultural diversity;

  • assisting and representing the Minister in dealing with relevant issues affecting the Australian community or representative groups;

  • providing advice and reporting on specific matters referred to it by the Minister; and

  • reporting annually to the Minister on its activities and achievements.

The Government will work closely with the Council to implement a communication strategy, following an evaluation of the current Living in Harmony initiative. Its key objective will be to raise awareness and understanding that cultural diversity is important to all Australians and that its benefits should be maximised in the national interest.

The Government is committed to the enhancing and focussing of Australian multiculturalism to make it inclusive and to ensure that the social, cultural and economic benefits of our diversity are fully maximised in the national interest.

3.RESPONSES TO THE COUNCIL¡¦S RECOMMENDATIONS

The May 1999 report of the National Multicultural Advisory Council Australian multiculturalism for a new century: Towards inclusiveness made 32 recommendations to the Government. The Government¡¦s response to these recommendations follows.

Recommendation 28

English is Australia¡¦s national language. Because it is a significant unifying influence and the ability to speak English is fundamental to full participation in Australian society, there would appear to be virtually no disagreement in the community about the importance of English language skills. The importance of English language proficiency has recently increased significantly because English has become the defacto standard for business and Internet communications throughout the world. Accordingly, the Council fully supports, and strongly recommends the continuation of, the high priority that has been given for many years to English language tuition for adult migrants.

Government Response

Supported. The Government will continue the high priority that has been given for many years to English language tuition for adult migrants.

For instance, the Adult Migrant English Program gives migrants and humanitarian entrants free access to 510 hours of English language training soon after their arrival in Australia. The Workplace English Language and Literacy Program provides funding to employers to support the training of workers in vocational skills integrated with English language and literacy skills, that are sufficient to enable them to meet the demands of their current and future employment and training needs. The Advanced English for Migrants Program provides advanced level English language assistance to help job seekers to gain employment or enter vocational courses or other post-secondary institutions.

Recommendation 29

In a multicultural society such as ours, proficiency in a language other than English is more than desirable; it can be a business or social imperative. If we are to engage the global marketplace and derive maximum benefit from it, Australia must maintain expertise in languages other than English, particularly the major languages of our region and the world. It is therefore very important that teaching languages other than English continues to be a priority and that the value of a multilingual community be better appreciated. The Commonwealth¡¦s specific priorities for funding languages other than English include the National Asian Languages and Studies in Australian Schools (NALSAS) Strategy and two language elements ¡V Community Languages and Priority Languages. The Council fully endorses all these language programs, and recommends their continuation.

Government Response

Supported. The Government will continue the high priority that has been given for many years to teaching languages other than English. The Commonwealth funds three elements of the school languages program - the National Asian Languages and Studies in Australian Schools (NALSAS), Priority Languages and Community Languages.

The NALSAS Strategy is a collaborative initiative between the Commonwealth, States and Territories. Through NALSAS the Commonwealth funds school education jurisdictions to enhance and expand the provision of four Asian languages - Chinese (Mandarin), Indonesian, Japanese and Korean - and studies of Asia across the curriculum. The Strategy aims to improve Australia¡¦s capacity and preparedness to interact internationally, in particular, with key Asian economies.

In the 1999-2000 Budget the Commonwealth announced a further $90 m in funding for NALSAS to the end of 2002. Funding for Priority Languages and Community Languages is an ongoing commitment.

It is also noted that the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) has extensive radio and television broadcasts in languages other than English. SBS Radio broadcasts 650 hours of programming each week in 68 languages. SBS television policy is that half of scheduled programming will be in languages other than English, which requires hundreds of hours of subtitling in some sixty languages.

The Government recognises the economic opportunities created by the rich pool of language resources that already exist in Australia¡¦s multicultural society and will continue to promote their full utilisation.



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