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ª` ÄÀ 1 °Ñ¾\ J. B. Harley ²`¨üFoucault Åv¤O½×z¼vÅT¤U¹ï»sÁ־ǩM·´º®Ñ¼gI«áªºÅv¤O¹B§@´£¥Xªº¸Ñºc¦¡¤ÀªR¡G¡¨Power comes from the map and it traverses the way maps are made. Maps are a technology of power, and the key to this internal power is cartographic process. By this I mean the way maps are compiled and the categories of information selected; the way they are generalized, a set of rules for the abstraction of the landscape; the way the elements in the landscape are formed into hierarchies; and the way various rhetorical styles that also reproduce power are employed to represent the landscape.¡¨ Writing Worlds, 244-45. 2 ±N¦a»x®Ñ¼g·í§@¨¥»¡¬¡°Ê¥[¥H¤ÀªRªº«eÅX¬ã¨s¨£©ó J. H. Miller, Topographies. 3 ¨Ò¦p¥X²{¦b¡q¤H¶¡¸¦æ¡r¤¤ªº¸Ö¥y¡G¡u§Ú¦^ÅU¨Ó®Éªº¹D¸ô¡AÅéÅçµÛÁ{¦æªº¡þ¨¥»y©M¤â¶Õ¡G¥Í©R¦p¦ó°_·½¡H¡þ¦b|»»ªº»·¥j®É¥N¡A·í«H»}¥ú¼ä¡þ¦p»rÅéãe¦±©ñÃP¦Ó©ZµM©ó¦a²yªº¤@Ó¨¤¸¨¡þ¯µ±K¦p¿Ã¤õÄƹL¾v±é¡A°í¹ê¦p®¢°©¼²À»¡þ¶W¶V©â¶H¦Ó¦^Âk²{¹ê¡A¥Í©R¬O®z¤pªº½Á°B¡þ¦b²L¤ô¤¤¤¬·i¡A¡þ¨Ó¤£¤Î_§§³Ù»ï¦¨µì¡þ´N©óµLÁn¤¤¥Í¨|§ó¥®¤pªº½Á°B¡A¦b¥j©õ¡þ·íºt¤Æ¶i¨B»Ýn¤Ó¦h´¼¼z¡A@©Ê¡þ©M«i®ð¡A§Ṳ́£¯àµ¥«Ý¡G¬ð¯}©â¶Hªº¿ò¶Ç«ß¡þ¶W¶V¦ÛµMªº¬ù§ô¡A¶W¶V¯«¿Ù©M¹D¼w¡þª½±µ¶i¤J·R±¡©M¼¤±æªº¥»Åé¡K¡K¡v 4 ¦pÁ¸֡q©ó«n¤s©¹¥_¤s¸g´ò¤¤Â¤²·¡r¡A¸Ö¤¤ªº´º½o«Y¨Ì³±¶§¹ï¥M¡A³Ì©úÅ㪺¨Ò¤l¬°¡uªì½hcºñöû¡A·s»Z§tµµ¯ñ¡C¡v¸Ô²Óªº¤ÀªR¨£©åµÛ ¡§Myth as Rhetoric: The Quest of the Goddess in Six Dynasties Poetry,¡¨ ¡m°ê¥ß¤¤¥¿¤j¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡n²Ä¤»¨÷²Ä¤@´Á¡A¶263-67¡C 5 «üÅÊ·R¤¤¤H¦P®É¨ü¨âºØ¬Û¤Ï±¡ºüªº¿EÀú¡C³Ì¦³¦Wªº¨Ò¤l¤§¤@¬O²ï¼@¡mù±K¼Ú»P¦¶ÄR¸¡n²Ä¤@¹õ²Ä¤@³õ¤¤Ã¹±K¼Úªº¹D¥Õ¡G¡u°Ú¡I§n§n¾x¾xªº¬Û·R¡A¿Ë¿Ë¼ö¼öªº«è«ë¡I¡K¡K¹]űªº¦Ð¤ò¡A¥ú©úªº·ÏÃú¡A´H§Nªº¤õµK¡A¼¬±|ªº°·±d¡A¥Ã»·Ä±¿ôªººÎ¯v¡A§_©wªº¦s¦b¡I§Ú·Pı¨ìªº·R±¡¥¿¬O³o»ò¤@ºØªF¦è¡A¡K¡K¡v¡]¦¶¥Í»¨Ä¶¡^ 6 °Ñ¾\Ihab Hassan ¦b¡§The Culture of Postmodernism¡¨¤@¤å¤¤°w´N¦è¤è²{¥N¥D¸q©M«á²{¥N¥D¸q¦C¥Xªº¹ï¤ñ¡A¨ä¤¤¥i¨Ñ¥»½×¤å°Ñ¦ÒªºÂÔ¦C©ó«á¡]²{¥N¥D¸q©M«á²{¥N¥D¸q¤§¯S¼x¤À¦C©ó±×½u¥ª¥k¡^¡G§¹¦¨ªºÃÀ³N«~¡þ¹Lµ{¡Bªíºt¡Bµo¥Í¡A¤åÃþÒÁ°ì¤À©ú¡þ¤å¥»¤¬¯A¡A³Ð³y¡B¾ãºc¡þ¤Ï³Ð³y¡B¸Ñºc¡A¦s¦³¡þªÅµL¡A¤¤¤ß¡þ¥h¤¤¤ß¡A¶§®Úªº¡þÂù©Êݬüªº¡Aìªì¡B®Ú·½¡þ®t²§¡B©µ²§¡]ºK¿ý¦ÛPeter Brooker edited & introduced, Modernism and Postmodernism, 11-12¡^¡Cµ§ªÌµL·Nµû¤ñ²{¥N¥D¸q©M«á²{¥N¥D¸q®Ñ¼gªºÃÀ³N¦¨´N±EÀu±E¦H¡A¤W¦C¹ï¤ñ¤£¯A¤Î»ùȧPÂ_¡A¥Î¥H¤ñ¸û·¨ªª©M³¯¾¤ªº¸Ö¤]¤£©yºIµM°Ï¤À¡C 7 °Ñ¾\¥k¤Þ½×z¡G¡§¡¥Loving perception¡¦ presupposes and maintain difference¡Xa distinction between the self and other, between human and at least some nonhumans¡Xin such a way that perception of the other as other is an expression of love for one who/which is recognized at the outset as independent, dissimilar, different.¡¨ ºK¦ÛKaren J. Warren, ¡§The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism¡¨¡A¦¬¿ý©óKaren J. Warren ed. Ecological Feminist Philosophies, 29. 8 °Ñ¾\Jonathan Holden¦b¨ä½×µÛStyle and Authenticity in Postmodern Poetry, 159¤¤¤ñ¸ûWordsworth©M«á²{¥N·´º¸Ö¤HRichard Hugoªº»y¨¥Æ[©Ò§@ªººëÅP¤ÀªR¡G¡¨If we turn to the Wordsworth passage, on the other hand, we see that a strict Lacanian interpretation does not comfortably apply to Wordsworth. Whereas in the Hugo poem we see language used in a compensatory way, to fill an endless absence, while the poet himself remains immobilized by grief and need, in the Wordsworth passage the poet¡¦s vision of the lost, feminine world of nature is triggered first by action and only secondarily by language. Thus Lacan¡¦s belief that all language is inherently, to borrow Hass¡¦s term, ¡§elegy,¡¨ accurately describes the Hugo poem but not the Wordsworth.¡¨ 9 ¤@¤E¤E¤»¦~¤T¤ë¥xÆWº©¡Á`²Î¥Á¿ï¡A·¨ªªÀ³°ê¥ß¤¤¥¿¤j¾Ç¤§ÁÜ¡Aªð¥x°Ñ»P¡u¥xÆW¤å¾Ç»PÀô¹Ò¡vªº¨t¦CºtÁ¿¡A¶¶«Kªð¶m§ë²¼¡A³¯¾¤¼g¡qÂk¨Ó¡X¡Xµ¹·¨ªª¡r¤@¸Öµú¨ä¨Æ¡A¤Þ·¨ªª¦b¡mºÃ¯«¡n¤¤ªº¦Ûªp¡AºÙ³o¦ì«e½ú¬°¡u¤@ÓµL¬F©²¥D¸qªºªá½¬¸Ö¤H¡v¡C¸Ö¤¤²Ä¤T¬q±µµÛ¼g¥X¡G¡u¨º¬õ¦Lªdªº°é°O¢¬¤]³\¸¨¦b¥L¹Ú¤¤¸g±`Áµøªº¢¬¥ßÃú·Ë¡A¤]³\¸¨¦bÁï§O¦h¦~¢¬ªYµM¥õ±æªº¤ì¥Ê¤s¤W¡v¡A¥i¨£³¯¾¤Åª¹L¡qÁµø¡r¡A¨Ãµø¤§¬°·¨ªª§ç¼g¶m¤g»{¦Pªº²£ª«¡C 10 °Ñ¾\®O±K¦b¡q¥»¤g¸Ö¾Çªº«Ø¥ß¡GŪ³¯¾¤¡m®qÀ¬Ãä½t¡n¡r¤@¤å¤¤¹ï³¯¾¤ªºµû»y¡G¡u§Ú»{¬°¨äì³Ð©Ê©M²`¨è·N¸q¦b©ó¡y¥»¤g+«e½Ã¡z¦¹¤@²z·Qªº´£¥X©M¹ê½î¡C«e½Ã¬Jªí²{¦b«äºû¤º²[¤]ªí²{¦bÃÀ³Nªº¼h±¤W¡Cº¥ý¡A´N«äºû¤º²[¦Ó¨¥¡AÁöµM¸Ö¤H¼Ðº]¥»¤g©Ê¡A¦ý¬O¥L¹ï¥»¤gªº²z¸Ñ¨Ã¤£§½»P¬YºØ¯S©wªº¡Bµu´Áªº¬Fªv¶D¨D¡A¦Ó¸Õ¹Ï±qªø»·¾ú¥vªº¡B¤å¤Æªº¨¤«×¨Óªí²{¹ï¥xÆWªºÃöÃh¡C¦b³oÓ«e´£¤U¡A¸Ö¤H±j½Õ´M®Ú©M¦h¤¸¡C¡vÃö©ó«á²{¥N¥D¸q»P«á´Þ¥Á½×z¦b¥xÆW±Ú¸s»{¦P²z½×¤WªºªÈµ²¡A¥i°Ñ¾\¹ù«w¯E¡A¡q¦X¦¨¤Hù°Ò¥v¡X¡X·í¥N»OÆW¤å¤Æ¤¤«á²{¥N¥D¸q»P¥Á±Ú¥D¸qªº¤¬°Ê¡r¡C 11 ¨ü¨ìFoucault¸Ñºc«ä·Qªº¼vÅT¡A«á²{¥N¾ú¥v®Ñ¼g´±óÅQÅv½×zªº®_¨î¡A¥H²§½è¬L¹üªº¦h¤¸¤p±Ôz¨ú¥N¹L¥h¿W´L¤@¤¸ªº¤j±Ôz¡A«e©Ò¥¼¦³ªº¡AªÀ·|Ãä½t¤H¡B´Þ¥Á¦a¡þÃ䶫¡B®z¶Õ±Ú¸s¡þ©Ê§O¡þ¶¥¯Åªº¥Í¦s¸gÅ禨¬°¥v®aª`¥ØªºµJÂI¡A±Ôzªº²z¸ô¤]¤£¦A¨Ì´`º§À³s³eªºÅÞ¿è³]©w©Î³æyªº¦]ªG±À§P¡A¾ú¥v®Ñ¼g¤£¥iÁקKªºµêºc©Ê¤]Àò±o¤Ï«ä¡C°Ñ¾\Linda Hutcheon¦bThe Politics of Postmodernism²Ä¤T³¹ ¡§Re-presenting the Past¡¨ªº¸Ñ»¡¡C 12 Palimpsest ì«ü¦L¨ê³Nµo©ú¤§«e¤å¥»¶Ç§Û©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº®Ñ¼g§÷½è¡A¥]¬A¦Ï¥Ö¡B¸h©¡B¦Ë²µ¥µ¥¡C¥Ñ©ó§÷½è©ù¶Q¡A¸g±`¦³©Ù«øì§Û«Å|®Ñ¼gªº²{¶H¡C¸g¹L·³¤ëªº¨H¾ý¡Aì³Q©Ù«øªº¤å¥»´Ý¸ñ«·s¯B²{¡A¦³¨Ç¥jÄyªº¤ù¬q¦]¦¹«²{¤Ñ¤é¡C«á¨Ó¦b¤å¾Ç§åµû¤¤¡Apalimpsest³Q¤Þ¥Ó¬°¤å¥»¦]¤£Â_¶Ç©Ó¡B§ï¼g¦Ól¥Í¦h¸q¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦¨¬°¡u¤å¥»¤¬¯A¡vªº¬Û¦üµü¡F¦b¦Ò±¸¾Ç¤W«h«ü¤£¦P®É´Áªº¤å©ú¿ò¸ñ¦b¦P¤@¦a²zªÅ¶¡ªºÅ|¿n¡C¹ï¡u²³Án³Ù¼M¡v¦b¥xÆW«á²{¥N¸Ö¤¤ªºªí²{¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\©s¼Ô¦b¡m·í¥N¥xÆW·s¸Ö²z½×¡n¶259©Ò§@ªº¸ÑÄÀ¡G¡u²³Án³Ù¼Mªº·N¸q¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¦b©ó¥»¤å¤¤¬O§_¦s¦b¤£¦PÃþ«¬»y¨¥©Î¸Ü»y¡A¦Ó¬O¨ú¨M»P¤£¦P»y¨¥¤§¶¡ªº¤º¦b¹ï¸Ü¡A§Ú̬Ʀܥi¥H»¡¡A¡y²³Án¡z¯à°÷¡y³Ù¼M¡z¡A¬O¦]¬°¥Rº¡¤º¦b¹ï¸Üªº¡yÂùÁn±a»y¨¥¡z¡C¥xÆW«á²{¥N¸Ö¤Hªº¸Ö¶°³Ì¯à§e²{³oºØ¡y²³Án³Ù¼M¡zªº³õ±¡A¥ç§Y¦b¥L̪º¸Ö¶°¤¤¡A§A¥i¥H§ä¨ì¦UºØ¤£¦Pªº»y¨¥¡A¥]¬A¼g¹ê¥D¸qªº¡B²{¥N¥D¸qªº¡B«á²{¥N¥D¸qªº¡Bµ£¸Üªº¡B¹ÚÅmªº¡B§i¸Ñªº¡Bë¤åªº¡K¡K»y¤åªº¦â½Õ¬O¸Uµµ¤d¬õ¡BµºÄêÄ}¯É¡C¡v¦b³¯¾¤¸Ö¤¤«üªº¬O¸Ö§@¸Ì¯Ç¤J¤F¦b²{¥N¬£·í¹D®É¦]³Qµø¬°¦³·l¸Öªº¬ü¾Ç¯Â½è¦Ó¾D±Æ°£¦b¥~ªº¡A½Ñ¦p¬Fªvªº¡BÛ²zªº¡B¾ú¥vªº¡Bõ¾Çªº½×»¡¤å¦r¡C 13 °Ñ¾\James s. Duncan and Nancy G. Duncan ªº»¡©ú¡G¡§Barthes uses history to mean historical reality as opposed to myth when he says that, if a signifier becomes empty and thus ready to be appropriated into a mythological system, it becomes impoverished and ¡¥history evaporated.¡¨¡]¡§Ideology and Bliss,¡¨ 20¡^Barthesªº§å§P³Ì¦¨£©ó¡§The Blue Guide,¡¨ ¬O¤@½g¸Ñºc¸ê¥»¥D¸qÆ[¥ú²£·~½s¦Lªº¾ÉÄý¦a¹Ï©M¤â¥U¦p¦ó»~¾É¤HÌÆ[´º¤è¦¡ªº¦W§@¡C 14 Claude Lorrain¡A¤Q¤C¥@¬ö³Ì¨üÅwªïªºªk°ê·´ºµe®a¡A·®æ¼vÅT¦Ü¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤´¥¼°I°h¡C°Ñ¾\Kenneth Clark, Landscape into Art, 122-29. 15 Diana Brydon¹ï©ó¥[®³¤j¥Õ¤H§@®a¤j¶q®¿Éì¦í¥Á¯«¸Ü¥H§e²{«á´Þ¥Á¦h¤¸¤å¤Æµø³¥¡A±q¸Ñºc¥D¸qªºÆ[ÂIµ¹¤©¥¿±ªÖ©w¡A°Ñ¾\¤U¤ÞµûªR¡AÀ³¦³§U©ó§Ṳ́F¸Ñ³¯¾¤¶V¬É´Àì¦í¥Á¥N¨¥µ¥©ó¸Ñºc¤F°ò¥»±Ð¸q¬£ªº±Ú¸s»{¦P°l¨D¯Â½è¡]authenticity¡^¤å¤Æªº°g«ä¡J¡§Literature cannot be confused with social action. Nonetheless, these creole texts are also part of the post-colonial search for a way out of the impasse of the endless play of post-modernist difference that mirrors liberalism¡¦s cultural pluralism. These books, like the post-colonial criticism that seeks to understand them, are searching for a new globalism that is neither the old universalism nor the Disney simulacrum. This new globalism simultaneously asserts local independence and global interdependencies. It seeks a way to cooperate without cooption, a way to define differences that do not depend on myths of cultural purity or authenticity but that thrive on an interaction that ¡¥contaminates¡¦ without homogenizing¡K¡K¡¨¡]¡§The White Inuit Speaks: Contamination as Literary Strategy, 141¡¨¡^ 16 °Ñ¾\¤k©Ê¥D¸q½×z¹ï¤k©Ê®Ñ¼g§x¹ÒÃþ¦üªº¤ÀªR¡G¡§Women have a history of reading and writing in the interstices of masculine culture, moving between use of the dominant language or form of expression and specific versions of experience based on their marginality.¡¨¡]Kaplan 188¡^
¡i¤Þ¥Î®Ñ¥Ø¡jBarthes, Roland: ¡§The Blue Guide.¡¨ In Mythologies, trans. A. Lavers, New York: Hill & Wang, 74-7.
Bertens, Hans (1995): The Idea of the Postmodernism: A History. New York: Routledge.
Bishop, Elizabeth (1983): The Complete Poems, 1927-1979. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
______ (1994): One Art: Letters. Selected and edited by Robert Giroux. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Bloom, Harold (1975): A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford UP.
Blunt, Alison and Gillian Rose ed. (1994): Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies. New York: Guilford.
Brooker, Peter, ed. (1992): Modernism / Postmodrnism. New York: Longman.
Brydon, Diana (1995): ¡§The White Inuit Speaks: Contamination as Literary Strategy.¡¨ In Ashcroft, Bill et al, ed. The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 136-142.
Clark, Kenneth (1979): Landscape into Art. New York: Harper & Row.
Duncan, James S.¡®Nancy G. Duncan (1992): ¡§Ideology and Bliss: Roland Barthes and the Secret Histories of Landscape.¡¨ In Trevor J. Barnes, ed. Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape. New York: Routledge.
Harley, J. B. (1992): ¡§Deconstructing the Map.¡¨ In Trevor J. Barnes, ed. Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape. New York: Routledge, 231-47.
Holden, Jonathan (1986): Style and Authenticity in Postmodern Poetry. Columbia: U of Missouri P.
Hutcheon, Linda. 1989. The Politics of Postmodernism. New York: Routledge.
Kaplan, Caren (1987): ¡§Deterritorializations: The Rewriting of Home and Exilein Western Feminist Discourse.¡¨ Cultural Critique 6 (Spring), 187-98.
McGreevy, Patrick (1992): ¡§Reading the Texts of Niagara Falls: The Metaphor of Death.¡¨ In Trevor J. Barnes, ed. Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape. New York: Routledge, 50-72.
Merrin, Jeredith (1993): ¡§Elizabeth Bishop: Gaiety, Gayness, and Change.¡¨ In Marilyn May Lombardi ed. The Geography of Gender. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 153-72.
Miller, Brett C. (1993): Elizabeth Bishop:Life and the Memory of It. Berkeley: U. of California P.
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Mitchell, W. J. T. (1994): Landscape and Power. Chicago: The U of Chicago P.
Tseng, Chen-chen (1997): ¡§Myth as Rhetoric: The Quest of the Goddess in Six Dynasties Poetry.¡¨ ¡m°ê¥ß¤¤¥¿¤j¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä¤»¨÷¡A²Ä¤@´Á¡A¶235-78
¡CVendler, Helen (1997): Poems, Poets, Poetry: An Introduction and Anthology. New York: St. Martin's.
Walcott, Derek (1992): Collected Poems, 1948-1984. London: Faber and Faber.
Warren, Karen J. (1996): Ecological Feminist Philosophies. Bloomington: Indiana UP.
©s¼Ô¡]1995¡^¡G¡m·í¥N¥xÆW·s¸Ö²z½×¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G´´¼¤å¤Æ ®O±K¡]1997¡^¡G¡q¥»¤g¸Ö¾Çªº«Ø¥ß¡GŪ³¯¾¤¡m®qÀ¬Ãä½t¡n¡r¡Aì¸ü©ó¡m¤¤¥~¤å¾Ç¡n¡A²Ä¤G¤Q¤¨÷¡A²Ä¤Q¤G´Á¡]1997¦~5¤ë¡^¡A«á¦¬¿ý©ó¤ý«Â´¼½s¡]1999¡^¡G¡m¦b·Q¹³»P²{¹ê¶¡¨«¯Á¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G®ÑªL¡A¶163-73¡C ³¯¾¤¡]1998¡^¡G¡m³¯¾¤¸Ö¶°¢×¡A1973-1993¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G®ÑªL¡C ·¨ªª¡]1986¡^¡G¡m¦³¤H¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¬x½d¡C¹ù«w¯E¡]1999¡^¡G¡q¦X¦¨¤Hù°Ò¥v¡X¡X·í¥N»OÆW¤å¤Æ¤¤«á²{¥N¥D¸q»P¥Á±Ú¥D¸qªº¤¬°Ê¡r¡A¸ü©ó¡m·í¥N¡n¡A²Ä¤G¤Q¤»´Á¡C
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