±¡·N±Ð¨|¸g¨å¬ãŪ·|¢w¥DŪÁ¿½Z

Hope Theory

¡@

¥DŪ¤H¡G°ê¥ßªFµØ¤j¾Ç±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©Ò±Ð±Â  ­ð²QµØ

¥DŪ¸g¨å¡G

¡mHandbook of Positive Psychology¡n
Hope Theory: A Member of the Positive Psychology Family (HP.19)
¡mPositive Psychological Assessment¡n
Hope: Many Definitions, Many Measures (PPA.6)
¤é´Á¡G2005.10.12

¡@

 

¾ÉŪ¤jºõ 

¤@¡B  Snyder, Rand & Sigmon (2002)¤@¤å

¤G¡B  Lopez & Snyder (2003)¤@¤å

¤T¡B  ­Ó¤Hªñ¦~±Ä¥ÎSnyder¡u§Æ±æ·P²z½×¡v©Ò¶i¦æ¤§¬ã¨s

1.    Snyder et al. (1997) CHS¶qªí¤§­×­q

2.    ¥H§Æ±æ·P²z½×¶i¦æ°ê¤T¾Ç¥Í¤§¤p¹ÎÅéÆ[¹î¬ã¨s

3.    ¥H§Æ±æ·P²z½×¶i¦æ¼Æ¾Ç¬ì¤§¨ó¦P¦æ°Ê¬ã¨s


¡@

Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L. & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope theory: a member of the positive psychology family.  In C.R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (eds). Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp.257-276). Oxford University Press.

§Æ±æ·P²z½×²¤¶(p.257- )

¤@¡B¤@­Ó²z½×ªº²£¥Í¡G

¡·    ³q±`·s²z½×ªº²£¥Í¡A¬O¦]¬°¤ñ²z½×§ó¬°heuristic

¡·    §Æ±æ·P²z½×¤§«eªºÆ[ÂI¡G¡uhope¡v¬O¤@­Ó¤H¹ï¨ä¥Ø¼Ð¬O§_¯à¹F¦¨ªºª¾Ä±¡]¡¨the perception that one can reach desired goals¡¨ ¡^¡^

¡·    ¨üF. Heiderªº¼vÅT¡A¥H³X½Í¤è¦¡¾é¸Ñ¡A¤@¯ë¤H¦b½Ígoal-directed thoughts®É¡A¤@©w·|½Í¨ì¡Gthe pathways to reach their goals, ¥H¤Îtheir motivation to use those pathways è hopeful thought reflects the belief that one can find pathways to desired goals and become motivated to use those pathways.

¤G¡Bgoals¡G

¡·    ¥i¥H¬Oµu´Á©Î¬Oªø´Á

¡·    ¨ã¦³¨¬°÷ªº»ù­È·P

¡·    Áö¥i¥H¹F¦¨¡A¦ý¤´¦³¬YºØ¤£½T©w·P¡]­Y¦¨¥\¾÷²v·U°ª¡A§Æ±æ·P·U°ª¡^

¤T¡Bpathway thinking¡G

¡·    «ü¯à°÷¿Eµo¥Xworkable routes to a desired goalªº¯à¤O

¡·    ³q±`¦³¦Ü¤Ö¤@ºØ¥H¤Wªº¤èªk¡]§Æ±æ·P·U°ªªÌ¡A·U¯à·Q¥X¨ä¥L´À¥N¤è®×¡^

¥|¡Bagency thinking¡G

¡·    «ü¹ï©ó¦Û¤v¬O§_¯à°÷¨Ï¥Îpathway¨Ó¹F¦¨¥Ø¼Ðªºª¾Ä±

¡·    ³o¬O¤@ºØ¦Û§Ú¤º¨¥¡A¡¨I can do this¡¨, ¡§I am not going to be stopped¡¨

¡·    ¤×¨ä¦b¹J¨ì»Ùê®É¡Aagency·|À°§U¤@­Ó¤H¦³±j¯P°Ê¾÷¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥Lªºpathway

¤­¡Bpathway thinking»Pagency thinking¤GªÌÃö«Y

¡·    hope¥iµø¬°¡¨a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful (1) agency (goal-directed energy) and (2) pathways (planning to meet goals)¡¨

¡·    ©Ò¥H¤GªÌ¬O¬Û¤¬¼vÅTªº

¤»¡Bhope, impediments, and emotion

¡·    ¨ä¥L¾ÇªÌµøhope¬°¤@ºØ±¡ºü¡F¥»¤å§@ªÌ«h±j½Õthinking process¡A»{¬°±¡ºü¬O¥Ø¼Ð°l´M¦æ°Ê¤§«áªºµ²ªG¡]i.e., goal-pursuit cognitions cause emotions!¡^

¡·    ¤w¦³³\¦h¬ÛÃö©Ê¤Î¦]ªG¬ã¨sµ²ªG¤ä«ù¡Gthe perceived lack of progress toward major goals is the cause of reductions in well-being

¤C¡Bfull hope model

¡·    (see Fig. 19-1)

¡·    §Æ±æ·P¨ã¦³¤ÏõX¥\¯à¡Ghope theory involves an interrelated system of goal-directed thinking that is responsive to feedback at various points in the temporal sequence.

¥Ñ§Æ±æ·P²z½×­l¥Í¥X¨Ó¥i´ú­Ó§O®t²§¤§¶qªí(p.260)(¸Ô²Ó¤º®e¨£2003¤@¤å)

¤@¡B(¦¨¤H)§Æ±æ·P¯S½è¶qªí¡]¨£ªþ¿ýA¡^

¡·    ¨ü´úªÌ¦^µª®É¡A¬O¥H¸ó¶V®É¶¡»P¦UºØ±¡¹Ò¤Uªº¤è¦¡¨Ó«ä¦Ò

¤G¡B§Æ±æ·Pª¬ºA¶qªí¡]¨£ªþ¿ýB¡^

¡·    ¨ü´úªÌ¦^µª®É¡A«h«ä¦Ò¡u¦¹®É¦¹¨è¡vªºª¬ºA

¤T¡B¨àµ£§Æ±æ·P¶qªí¡]8~1¢µ·³¡^¡]¨£ªþ¿ýC¡^

§Æ±æ·P²z½×»P¨ä¥L²z½×ªº¬Û¦üÂI(p.260- )

¤@¡BSeligmanªº¼ÖÆ[²z½×

¤G¡BScheier & Carverªº¼ÖÆ[²z½×

¤T¡BBanduraªº¦Û§Ú®Ä¯à²z½×

¥|¡B¦Û´L

¤­¡B°ÝÃD¸Ñ¨M¯à¤O

§Æ±æ·P¦b¦U­±¦V¤Wªº¼vÅT(p.263- )

¤@¡B¾Ç·~

¡·    §Æ±æ·P»P¾Ç·~ªí²{¦³ÅãµÛ¬ÛÃö

¡·    Áa³e¬ã¨sµo²{¡A¤j¾Ç¥Í¦b¤j¤@¾Ç´Á¤§ªì©Ò´ú¤§§Æ±æ·P¶qªí¤À¼Æ¡A¥i¹w´ú¨äGPA¡B²¦·~²v¡B¤Î¨ä½ù¾Ç²v

¡·    ¦UºØ¤¶¤J¤è®×

¤G¡B¹B°Ê

¡·    °ª§Æ±æ·P¤§¹B°Ê­û¤ñ§C§Æ±æ·PªÌ¡A¦b¹B°Êªí²{¤W¦³ÅãµÛ®t²§ (Curry et al., 1997)

¡·    Curry & Snyder (2000)¹ï¹B°Ê­û¤§¤¶¤J¤è®×

¤T¡B¨­Åé°·±d

¡·    ´Nªì¯Å¹w¨¾¦Ó¨¥¡A°ª§Æ±æ·PªÌ·|±Ä¨ú§ó¦h¹w¨¾¯e¯fªº¬¡°Ê(e.g., Ä@·N±µÄ²°·±d°T®§¡B±q¨Æ¹B°Ê)

¡·    ªÀ·|¼h­±¥ç¦³Ãþ¦üªº¦æ¬°¡G­Y¤@­Ó°ê®a¹ï¤H¥Áªº¥Ø¼Ð°l´M¬O§ó¤Ö­­¨îªº¡A¤]·|¥X²{¸û¤Öªº·´·À¦æ¬°(¦p¦Û±þ)

¡·    ¦b¤G¯Å¹w¨¾¤W¡A§Æ±æ·P°ªªÌ¦bºC©Ê¯f©Î¨ä¥L¯e¯fªºªvÀø¤W¤]Åã²{¥X­«­n®ÄªG

¡·    §C§Æ±æ·PªÌ¡A³q±`Åã²{¥Xself-focus and self-pity¡A¦Ó³o¥u·|¼W¥[µJ¼{·P¦Ó©µ½wªv¡¤O¡A©Î±Ä¨ú°kÁתº¦]À³«¬ºA

¡·    ¦b¯fµhªº§Ô¨ü¤O¡A°ª§Æ±æ·PªÌ¤]Åã¥X§ó±jªº§Ôµh¯à¤O

¡·    ¹qµø¼s§i¤]¶¡±µ¦b¶Ç»¼µÛ§Æ±æ·P¡G¤º®e¬O§_¦³©ú½Tªºgoals, pathways thinking, agency thinkingµ¥

¥|¡B¤ß²z¾AÀ³

¡·    §Æ±æ·P»P¥¿¦V±¡ºüªº¥¿¬ÛÃö¡A¥H¤Î»P­t¦V±¡ºüªº­t¬ÛÃö

¡·    ¥H§Æ±æ·P²z½×ªº¨¤«×»¡©ú¡A¦ó¿×¡u®À§é¡v(p.265)

¡·    ¦b®À§é¦]À³µ¦²¤¤W¡A°ª§Æ±æ·PªÌ¸û¤Ö¨Ï¥Î°kÁ×µ¦²¤

¡·    ©Ò¿×¤ß²z°·±d¤]¥]§t¹ï¥¼¨Óªº´Á«Ý¡G°ª§Æ±æ·PªÌ¹ï¥¼¨Ó¦³¸û¥¿¦Vªº´Á«Ý

¡·    §C§Æ±æ·P±`·|¹ï¥¼¨Ó¦³¨aÃø¤Æªº¹w·Q(catastrophize about the future)

¡·    ·í¯u¥¿¹J¨ì§xÃø®É¡A°ª§Æ±æ·P·|¸û¦³¼u©Êªº½Õ¾ã¥Ø¼Ð¡F§C§Æ±æ·PªÌ«hÆp¤û¨¤¦y¡B©À©À¤£§Ñ(ruminate unproductively)¡A¬Æ¦Ü¤£¤Á¹ê»Úªº¦k·Q·|¦³©_ÂÝ¥X²{¡AµLªk±q¹L¥h¸gÅ礤°O¨ú±Ð°V

¡·    °ª§Æ±æ·P·|µ²¥æ¯à¤¬¬Û¥´®ðªº·ù¤Í¡A§C§Æ±æ·PªÌ«h§Î¦¨pity parties

¤­¡B¤H»Ú¤¬°Ê

¡·    °ª§Æ±æ·PªÌ¡A³ßÅw»P¤H¤¬°Ê¡B¦b¥G§O¤H¦p¦ó¬Ý§A¡B¦bªÀ·|»{ª¾¤W¦³§ó¥¿¦Vªº¦Û§Úª¾Ä±

¤»¡B¤ß²zªvÀø

¡·    ·í¨Æ¤H¬°¦ó¦³¥¿¦Vªº§ïÅÜ¡H¤D¬O¾Ç¨ì§ó¦hªºagentic and pathways goal-directed thinking

¤C¡B¥Í©R·N¸q

¡·    Viktor Frankl»{¬°·N¸q·P¡A¨Ó¦Û§Ú­Ì¿ï¾Ü¤TºØÃþ«¬ªº»ù­È(p.267)

¡·    ¥»¤å§@ªÌ»{¬°§Æ±æ·P»P·N¸q·P¦³«Ü±jªº¬ÛÃö¡Git is through our self-reflections about the goals that one has selected and the perceived progress in the journey toward those goals that a person constructs meaning in his or her life

¤K¡B¨ä¥L

¡·    §Æ±æ·P²z½×¥i¥Î¨Ó¤F¸Ñ¼~Æ{±wªÌ¤Î¨ä¤º¦b¹ï¸Ü

¡·    §Æ±æ·P²z½×¤]¥i¥Î¨Ó¤ÀªR¤@­Ó¤HªºÃö¤ÁµJÂI¬O§_¦³¹ïµJ(on-task rather than off-task focus)

¡·    ¤]¥i¥Î¨Ó¤F¸ÑMaslowªº»Ý¨D¶¥¼h

¡·    ¥¼¨Ó¥iÄ~Äòªº¬ã¨s¤è¦V¡G¬O§_¦³©Ê§O®t²§¡HºØ±Ú®t²§¡H¦~ÄÖ®t²§¡H¤H»Ú¤¬°Êªº«~½è¬O§_¥i­É¥Ñ§Æ±æ·P²z½×¨Ó¼W¶i¡H

¤E¡B§ó¦h¤¸ªº¨¤«×

¡·    °£¤F­Ó§O¤è¦¡¥H¥~¡A§Æ±æ·P²z½×©Î³\¤]¥i¥Î¨Ó«ä¦Ò¤½¦@ijÃD¡G¨Ò¦p¤½¥q¡B¥ø·~¡B¬F©²¡B°ê»Ú²Õ´¡A¬Ò»Ý«Øºc¤@­Ó¦@¦P¥Ø¼Ð

 


¡@

Lopez, S.J. & Snyder, C.R. (2003). Hope: Many Definitions, Many Measures. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds). Positive Psychological Assessment. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Conceptualizations of Hope (²¤)

Hope, Cognitions, and Emotions (²¤)

Self-Report Measures of Hope

¡·    ¦³¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¤£ÃÙ¦¨¥Î¦Û³¯¤è¦¡´ú¶q§Æ±æ·P

¡·    ­Y¥H±¡ºü¨ú¦V¤è¦¡¨Ó©w¸q§Æ±æ·P¡Aªº½T¦³¨ä§xÃø¡F¦ý¥»¤å§@ªÌ»{¬°¥H»{ª¾¨ú¦V¤è¦¡¨Ó©w¸q§Æ±æ·P¡A¨ÃµL¦¹°ÝÃD

¡·    The 1975 Hope Scale¡G

¡·    The Expected Balance Scale and the Hope Index¡GMeasuring Two Sides of Hope

¡·    Snyder¡¦s Hope Scale¡G

1.      Adult Dispositional Hope Scale

2.      Children¡¦s Hope Scale (CHS)¡G7~16·³

3.      Adult State Hope Scale

¡·    Detecting Hope in Action¡GObservational Measures of Hope (½Ð¹ï·í¨Æ¤H«Ü¤F¸Ñªº¤H¶i¦æÆ[¹î)

¡·    Considering Stories of Hope¡GDetecting Hope in the Spoken and Written Word

Selecting Hope Measures (see Table 6.1¡A6.2)

Measuring Hope Across Cultures (²¤)

Issues of Measurement and Assessment of Hope (²¤)