¡@ «È®a¬ã¨sªº«ä¦Ò* |
||
¡@ ¬I¥¿¾W** ²H¦¿¤j¾Ç¤½¦@¦æ¬F¾Ç¨tº[¤½¦@¬Fµ¦¬ã¨s©Ò±Ð±Â |
||
ºKn
¦b³o½g½×¤å¸ÌÀY¡A§Ú̺¥ý±N°Q½×«È®a¬ã¨sªº¥²n©Ê¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A«È®a¬ã¨s¨ì©³n§êºt¬Æ»ò¨¤¦â¡A±µµÛ¡A§Ú̱N±q¾Ç³N»â°ì¡B±Ð¨|¾÷ºc¡B¥H¤ÎªÀ·|ªA°È¤TÓ¨¤«×¡A¤À§O±´°Q½×«È®a¬ã¨sªº©w¦ì¡A³Ì«á¡A´¤Ì±NÀ˵ø·í«e«È®a¬ã¨s©Ò±¹ïªº§x¹Ò¡A¨Ã¹Á¸Õ«Øij¥¼¨Ó¥i¦æªº¤è¦V¡C Reflections on Hakka StudiesCheng-Feng
Shih, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Public
Administration and Institute of Public Policy, Tamkang
University, Tamsui AbstractWe
will firstly look into the rationales why the field of Hakka Studies has been
justified. In the bulk of this paper, we will seek to delineate what
are required fir Hakka Studies as an academic discipline, educational
institutions, and social service for the Hakka. Finally, we will then
scrutinize what barriers it has encountered so far, and seek to provide for
some suggestions for its further development. ¡@ Therefore, the
establishment of Black Studies is not an end itself but a means to a larger,
more important end. Boniface
I. Obichere¡]Ford, 1973: 11¡^ When an Indian
breathes, it¡¦s politics. Cindy
Gilday¡]Benton-Banai, 2000:
23¡^ To remain impartial
in the educational arena is to allow the current partiality to whiteness to
fester. Nathan
Hare¡]1971: 3¡^ If it is true as
Professor Vine Delorai, that consummate Sioux Indian scholar has said in his
latest essay, ¡§The most important question that an Indian student can ask
him/her self, is what I am learning useful to Indians?¡¨ (and I believe
it to be), it is even more true that Indian intellectuals must ask, ¡§is
what I am teaching and writing and researching of value to the continuation
of the Indian Nations of America?¡¨ Elizabeth Cook-Lynn¡]1991:
13¡^ ³ü¡B«e¨¥ ¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¡]Hakka Studies¡^¥i¥H»¡¬O¥xÆW«È®a¹B°Ê¥Ñ1980¦~¥Nµo°b¥H¨Ó¡A¦b1990¦~¥Nl¥Í¦Ó¨Óªº¤@ªù¾Ç¬ì¡A¶i¦Ó¦b2000¦~¥N¶}©l¶i¤J¨î«×¤Æªº¶¥¬q¡A¤]´N¬O¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç«È®a¾Ç°|¡]2003¡^¡B¥æ³q¤j¾Ç«È®a¤å¤Æ¾Ç°|¡]2004¡^¡B¥H¤ÎÁp¦X¤j¾Ç«È®a¾Ç°|¡]2004¡^¥¿¦¡±¾µP©Û¥Í¡CµM¦Ó¡AÁÖ½×¹ï©ó¨s³º¬O§_¦³¥²n³]¥ß«È®a¾Ç°|¡B¥H¤Î¬ÛÃö«È®a¬ã¨sªº¨t©Ò¡AÁöµM©|¥¼¨£¨ì¦³¤½¶}ªº±j¯P¤Ï¹ïÁnµ¡AµM¦Ó¡A¾Ç³N¬É¤@ª½¦³¶¡·²¤£Â_ªº½èºÃ¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó¡A«È®aµ×^¤]¥¼¥²§¹¥þÃÙ¦P±À°ÊªÌªºW¤ß©t¸Ú¡C¾¨ºÞ¦p¦¹¡A¤w¸g§ë¤J³o¶µ¬ã¨sªº¾ÇªÌ¡A·í¤Uªº¨Ï©R¬O¦p¦óÅý¤@Ó¸ó¶V¾Ç¬ìªº¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¡A¦¤é´£ª@¬°¤@ªùµo®i§¹³Æªº¡u«È®a¾Ç¡v¡]Hakkalogy¡^¡C ¦pªG§Ú̱q¾î¸ó¤H¤åªÀ·|¬ì¾Çªº¡u±Ú¸s¬ã¨s¡v¡]Ethnic Studies¡^³oÓ»â°ì¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤£ºÞ¬O¡u¶Â¤H¬ã¨s¡v¡]Black Studies¡^¡B¡u©Ô¤B¸Ç¬ã¨s¡v¡]Latino Studies¡^¡B©Î¬O¡uì¦í¥Á¬ã¨s¡v¡]Native Studies¡^¡A¨ä°_·½¤jP¬O¦b1960¦~¥Nªº¬ü°êªÀ·|ÄÌ°Ê¡A¦bªÀ·|¹B°Ê·°_¶³´é¤§»Ú¡A¬°¤F¦^À³ªÀ·|¤j²³ªº®ï¤Á´Á«Ý¡A¤j¾Ç¯É¯É³]¥ßÃþ¦ü¬ì¨t¡A¤@¤è±±q¨Æ¬ÛÃö¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¡A¤@¤è±¶i¦æ±Ð¨|±Ò»X¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤ñ¸û¨ä¥L¡u¬°¾Ç³N¦Ó¾Ç³N¡vªº¡u¯Â¡v¾Ç¬ì¦Ó¨¥¡A´N¬ã¨s¡B±Ð¾Ç¡B¥H¤ÎªA°È³o¤T¶µ¤j¾Ç±Ð®vªº¤Ñ³d¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¨Ç¾ÇªÌ©Ó¾áµÛ¤ñ¥L¤H§ó«ªºªÀ·|ªA°È³d¥ô¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó¤£®Én³Q¥X¨ªº±M·~»â°ì¦P¾«½èºÃ¡A¨s³º¥»¨ªº¬ã¨s¬O§_°÷¡u¾Ç³N¡v¡B¥H¤Î¦Û¤v¬O§_¡u¬°¬FªvªA°È¡v¡C¦b¬Û¦Pªº¯ßµ¸¤U¡A¦p¦ó½T¥ß¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vªº¦Û§Ú©w¦ì¡A¦ÛµM¬O¨è¤£®e½wªº½ÒÃD¡C ÁöµM¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vªº³Ì°ò¥»¥ô°È¬OÅý«È®a±Ú¸s¤F¸Ñ¦Û¤v¡AµM¦Ó¡A¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¨Ã«D«ü±Mª`©ó«È®a¥»¨¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A§ÚÌ©Úµ´±Ä¨ú±MÂ_±Æ¥L¡B©Î¬OÃö³¬¦Û¦uªº³~®|¡A¦Ó¬O°í«ù¤j®ü®e¯Ç¦Ê¤tªºì«h¡A¼®¤O«Øºc«È®a¤H»P¨ä¥L±Ú¸s©M¿Ó¦@¦sªºÃö«Y¡F¦]¦¹¡A¹ï©ó«È®a¥DÅ骺ÃöÃh¡A¨ä¹ê¬O«Ø¥ß¦b§ó±R°ªªºµø³¥¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ón¦³·NÃѦa´M¨D»P°ê®a¦X²zªº©w¦ì¡AÅý«È®a¤H¦¨¬°³oÓ¦h¤¸±Ú¸s°ê®a¤§¤¤¤£¥i©Î¯Êªººc¦¨n¯À¡C¦]¦¹¡A¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vªº²Ä¤GÓ¥ô°È¡A¬O·Q¿ìªkÅý¨ä¥L±Ú¸s¡B¥H¤Î°ê®a¤F¸Ñ«È®a±Ú¸s¡C¦pªG¶i¤@¨B¥Ñ¤å¤Æ¸ê²£ªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¿W¤@µL¤Gªº¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¡A±N¥i°^Äm¤HÃþ³Ì¬Ã¶Qªºª¾ÃѲֿn¡C ¦b³o¼Ëªº»{ÃѤU¡A¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¤£¥u¬OÃö¤ß¬ì¾Ç³»¦yªº¤@ªù¾Ç³N»â°ì¡A¤]¬O¤@Ó´£¨Ñ½áÅv¡]empowerment¡^«´¾÷ªº¤@ӱШ|¾÷ºc¡A§ó¬O¤@¨Ç§e²{«È®a±Ú¸s»{¦Pªº¨ãÅé½Òµ{¡B±Ú¸s¹ï¸Üªº½×¾Â¡B¥H¤Î³W¹º°ê®a¬Fµ¦ªº¦Û¥DÓÅé¡C¦b¤U±¡A§Ú̱N¤À§O±q¾Ç³N»â°ì¡B±Ð¨|¾÷ºc¡B¥H¤ÎªÀ·|ªA°È¤TÓ±¦V¡A±´¯Á¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vªº¤º²[¡C ¶L¡B¾Ç³N»â°ì ¯¸¦b¥H«È®a¬°¬ã¨s¥DÅ骺¥ß³õ¨Ó¬Ý¡AYn¬É©w¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vªº¹ï¶H¡]object¡^¡A¶Õ¥²n¥]§t¾ú¥v¡]°O¾Ð¡B¸gÅç¡^¡B¤å¤Æ¡]»y¨¥¡B©v±Ð¡B¤å¾Ç¡BÃÀ³N¡B²ß«U¡þ¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡¡^¡B¨î«×¡]¬Fªv¡B¸gÀÙ¡BªÀ·|¡^¡B»{¦P¡B¤ß²z¡]´LÄY¡B»ùÈ¡B¥@¬ÉÆ[¡Bõ¾Ç¡^¡B¥H¤Î°^Äm¡A¤]´N¬O®e¯Ç¥ô¦ó¨ã¦³«È®a¸gÅ窺¥DÃD¡A¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡A¤~¦³¥i¯à§¹¾ã¦a¡]holistic¡^§e²{«È®a±Ú¸sªº¥þ»ª¡C ¤£¹L¡A¥¿¦p¨ä¥L¸ó»â°ìªº¾Ç¬ì¡AÄ´¦p»¡¡u©M¥¬ã¨s¡v¡]Peace Studies¡^¡B¡u°ü¤k¬ã¨s¡v¡]Woman Studies¡^¡B©Î¬O¦UºØ¡u°Ï°ì¬ã¨s¡v¡]Area Studies¡^¡A¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¤£¥i¯à³Q¥ô¦ó¶Ç²Îªº¤H¤å¡B©Î¬OªÀ·|¾Ç¬ì©Ò²[»\¡A¦¹®É¡A¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¦p¦ó¯à¾Ö¦³¶Ç²Î¾Ç¬ìªº¯S¦³±Mªø¡B«o¤S¦P®É¯àºû«ù¥»¨ªº¦Û¥D©Ê¡H²Ä¤@ºØ¤è¦¡¬O±N¤Wz¥DÃD¥´´²¦b¦UÓ»â°ì¸ÌÀY¡]¹Ï1¡^¡AÄ´¦p¾ú¥v¾Ç¡B»y¨¥¾Ç¡B¤å¾Ç¡B©v±Ð¾Ç¡B¬Fªv¾Ç¡B¸gÀپǡBªÀ·|¾Ç¡B©Î¬O¤ß²z¾Ç¡A¦A¹Á¸Õ±N¦UÓ»â°ìªº«È®a¬ã¨s¤À§O¥[Á`°_¨Ó¡C °ÝÃD¬O¡A¦U»â°ì쥻¦³¦Û¤vªº¬ã¨s«¤ß¡A§Y¨Ï¯à»¡ªA¾ÇªÌÄ@·N±N«È®a¦C¬°¬ã¨s¹ï¶H¡A«on±¹ï¥»¦æ¦b²z½×¡B¥H¤Î¤èªk¤Wªº«]¡A§ó¤£¥Î»¡°ò¥»·§©À¬O§_¯à©ñ½Ñ¥|®ü¬Ò·Ç¡A¦¹®É¡A§Y¨Ï¦b¦U»â°ì¤¹³\¤U©Ò§¹¦¨ªº«È®a¬ã¨s¡A®£©È±N¦³¦p¨L¬v¤¤ªº©t®q¡A³»¦h¥u¯à»¡¦³¦h«»â°ì¡]multidisciplinary¡^ªº¾ÇªÌ¦@Á¸²±Á|¡A¾ã¦Xªº¤u§@¬Û·íÁ}¹d¡A±N¦³¦p´Ý¯Êªº«÷¹Ï¹CÀ¸¡Aª¾ÃѪº²Ö¿n¬Û·í§xÃø¡C ¬Û¹ï¦a¡A¦pªGn§@¯u¥¿ªº¸ó»â°ì¡]interdisciplinary¡^¬ã¨s¡A¥²¶·§â¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¥»¨·í§@¤@Ó¡u±M·~»â°ì¡v¡]discipline¡^¡A¦Ó¨ä¥Lªº»â°ì¥u¯àºâ¬O«È®a¬ã¨sªÌªº¤@¶µ¡þ¦h¶µ¡u±Mªø¡v¡]subject area of
specialty¡^¡]¹Ï2¡^¡F¦¹®É¡A¦b»EµJ¦¡ªº¬ã¨s¨ú¦V¤U¡A¤~¦³¥i¯à²£¥Í¾ã¦X©Êªº¬ã¨s¥æ¶°¡CÄ´¦p»¡¡A¤@¦W±Mªø¬O§ë²¼¦æ¬°ªº¬Fªv¾ÇªÌ¡A¦o¡þ¥L©Î³\·|¶¶«K¦Ò¹î«È®a±Ú¸sªº§ë²¼¦æ¬°¡A¤£¹L¡A¥XµoÂI¦h¥b¬O¦b¶i¦æ¥æ¤e¤ÀªR¤§»Ú¡A¦Ó«È®a¥u¬OÀ˵øªº±Ú¸s±¦Vªº¤@¶µ¦W¥Ø©Ê¼ÆÈ¡A§ó¤£¥Î»¡¡AÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L¦P¼Ë«nªº±¦V¥²¶·Æ[¹î¡B©Î¬O±±¨î¡F¬Û¹ï¦a¡A¤@Ó¥H«È®a¬Fªv¦æ¬°¦C¬°¬ã¨s¤¤¤ßªº¾ÇªÌ¡A°£¤F»¡¥²¶·¨ã³Æ¬Fªv¾Çªº°ò¦°V½m¡A¥²©w·|±N«È®aÆ[ÂI·í§@¤Á¤Jªº¥D¶b¡A¦Ó¨ä¥L±Ú¸s¡B©ÎªÌ¬O¥þ°ê¿ï¥Áªº¬Fªv¼Ò¦¡¡A¥u¯à¥Î¨Ó·í§@¹ï·Ó²Õ¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A«È®a¦]¯ÀÀ³¸Ó¬O³Q·í§@¿W¥ßÅܼơ]independent variable¡^¡Aµ´¹ï¤£¯à¥Ã»·³Qµø¬°¥i¦³¡B¥iµLªº¤¤¤¶Åܼơ]intervening variable¡^¦Ó¤w¡C ¥H¥Ø«e¥Í¤õ«Ýµoªº¿ï°Ï«¹º¨Ó»¡¡A¸g¹L²Ä¤C¦¸¾Ëªk×¥¿ªº¤è®×¡]2005¡^¡A¤]´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº¡u°ê·|´î¥b¡v¡A§Y±N¦b2007¦~Á|¦æªº²Ä¤C©¡¥ßªk©eû¿ïÁ|¡A°£¤F°ê·|®u¦¸¥Ñ225¼@´î¬°113®u¡A°Ï°ì¿ïÁ|±N¥þ³¡§ï¬°³æ¤@¿ï°Ï¡]¬Û¹ï¦h¼Æ¨M¡^¡A¦b³o¼Ëªº¿ïÁ|¨î«×¤U¡A«È®aµ×^¤@¦A¼~¤ß¥¼¨Ó«È®a±Ú¸s°Ñ»P¥þ°ê©Ê¨Æ°ÈªºªÅ¶¡·|³Q¤j´TÀ£ÁY¡CµM¦Ó¡A¹ï©ó¬ÛÃö³¡·|©Ò©e°U¶i¦æ¿ï°Ï³W¹ºªº¾ÇªÌ¨Ó»¡¡A°ê®aÀ³¸Ó¬O¤j¤½µL¨pªº¡A¦Ó¨î«×ªº³]p¤]À³¸Ó¬O¦âª¼ªº¡A¦]¦¹¡A¨S¦³¥²n¯S§O¦Ò¼{«È®a±Ú¸sªº»Ý¨D¡FµM¦Ó¡A¬Fªvõ¾Ç¡þ¬Fªv²z½×·|§i¶D§Ṳּ́Ʊڸs¥Nªí©Ê¡]minority¡^¹ï©ó°ê®a¥¿·í©Êªº·N¸q¡A¦P®É¡A¤]¦³¹w¨¾±Ú¸s½Ä¬ð¡]conflict prevention¡^ªº¿n·¥§@¥Î¡A¦]¦¹¡A«D«È®a¬ã¨s¾ÇªÌªºµø¦Ó¤£¨£¡A°£¤F¦³¥i¯à¬O¥H¤@¯ë¤Æ¨Ó±»¹¢¦Û¤vªº¨F¤å¥D¸q¥H¥~¡A¤]¦³¥i¯à¬O¥»¨ªº«È®aª¾ÃѤ£¨¬¡A¤S«ª©ó»â°ìªº¥»¦ì¥D¸q¡A¤£Ä@·N¤£®¢¤U°Ý¡B©Î¬O±Ä¨ú¸ó»â°ìªº¦X§@¡A·íµM´N§K¤£¤F¦³«K©y¦æ¨Æªº²¨º|¡A¬ã¨sµ²ªG¤£·|¦³¯q©ó±Ú¸sÃö«Yªº©M¿Óµo®i¡C ¬Û¹ï¦a¡A¨D¤H¤£¦p¨D¤v¡A«È®a¬ã¨s¾ÇªÌ·íµM¤£·|¡þ¤£¸Ó¦³³o¼Ëªº¥DÆ[©Ê°jÁסA¤£¹L¡A¦¹®É¡A³Ì¤jªº¬D¾Ô¬O¥»¨¹ï©ó¬ÛÃö±Mªø¦³©Ò®û滛¡AÄ´¦p¤ñ¸û¬Fªv¾Ç¡B©Î¬O¿ïÁ|¨î«×¡F§Y¨Ï¦o¡þ¥L¥¼¥²ùܼô¯S©wªº¥DÃD¡A¤£¹L¡A¥un¨ã³Æ¥R¤Àªº¬Fªv¾Ç°ò¦°V½m¡A¥]¬A¬ì¾Çõ¾Ç¡B¬ã¨s¤èªk¡B¥H¤Î°ò¥»²z½×¡An³z¹L²{¦³ªº¤åÄmµn°ó¤J«Ç¡A¨Ã«D»»¤£¥i¤Î¡C·íµM¡A¦b¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¯ó³Ðªºªì´Á¡AÃø§Kn¦VÄÝ©ó¶Ç²Î»â°ìªº¬Fªv¾Ç¬É¨ÓɱN¡A¬ß±æ¯à¦³¥ýª¾«¬¡]guru¡^ªº¾ÇªÌ§ë¤J¡A±q¨Æ³þ©w°ò¦¡B¥H¤Î¶}©Ý»â°ìªº¤u§@¡F¦b°l¨D»â°ì¾d©Tªº¹L´ç®É´Á¡A¥H²×¥Í©^Äm¾Ç³N¬°§Ó·~ªº«È®a¬ã¨s¥Í¡A¶Õ¥²n¦Ü¤Ö¨ú±o¶Ç²Î»â°ìªº°Æס]minor¡^¡A¤~¦³¯à¤O¦b¦Û¥ßªù¤á¤§«á¡A¾á¥ô¶Ç²Î»â°ì»P¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vªÀ¸s±µyªº¥ô°È¡C ¤£¹L¡A§ó®Ú¥»ªº°ÝÃD¬O¡A¨s³º¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¥i¥H·í§@¤@ªù±Mªù»â°ì¶Ü¡H§ó¶i¤@¨B»¡¡A¨ì©³¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vn¦p¦ó¤~¯à¦¨¬°¤@ӾǬì¡H©Ò¿×ªº¡u¾Ç³N»â°ì¡v¡]academic discipline¡^¡A¥i¥H¦³¤TºØ©w¸q¡Gº¥ý¡A¥¦¥i¥H»¡¬O¤@ºØÃÀ³N¡]art¡^¡B©Î¬O¤âÃÀ¡]craft¡^¡AÁô§tµÛ¥²¶·«ô®v¾ÇÃÀ¡F¦A¨Ó¡A¦o¥i¥H¥Nªí¤@ºØ§Ó·~¡]vocation¡^¡B©Î¬O©I³ê¡]calling¡^¡A°£¤F¦³«Dª±²¼ªº©Ê½è¡AÁÙ¦³±R°ªªº©^Äm·N«ä¡F³Ì«á¡A¥¦·N¨ýµÛ¤@ºØ±M·~¡]profession¡^¡A¥i¥H»¡¬O¹ï©ó¬ì¾Çª¾ÃѪº«H¥õ¡]Goodin &
Klingemann, 1996: 4-5¡^¡C¦pªG¥H±M·~ªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¨CӾdzN»â°ì¹ï©ó¦¨û³£¦³¦Û¤v¤£¦Pªº±M·~n¨D¡A°£¤F°_½Xªº±M·~Û²z¡BªÀ·|³d¥ô¡B¥H¤Î¬ã¨s¯à¤O¥H¥~¡]Goodin &
Klingemann, 1996: 6¡^¡AÁÙn¥]¬A©¼¦¹¦³¦@¦Pªº°ò¥»¥ß³õ¡BÃöÁä·§©À¡B®Ö¤ß½ÒÃD¡B¥Dn²z½×¡B¬ã¨s¤èªk¡B¥H¤Î«¤j¬D¾Ô¡]Karenga, 1993: xv;
Anderson, 1990: 2¡^¡C ¥Ñ©ó«È®a¾Ç°|¬O¦b¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¦¨¼ô¤§«e´N¤w¸g³]¥ß¡A¦]¦¹¡A»â°ìªºµo®i¥²±o¦bºN¯Á«e¶i¤§¤¤¡A¤£Â_¦a¶i¦æ¦Û§Ú©w¸q¡B¥H¤Î½Õ¾ã¡A¯S§O¬O·§©À¡B½ÒÃD¡B²z½×¡B¥H¤Î¤èªk¡C¦pªG§Ú̼ȥB±N¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v©w¸q¬°¡u¦³¨t²Î¦a¬ã¨s¦óºØ¦]¯À¡A¦b¦óºØ±ø¥ó¤§¤U¡A·|¦p¦ó¼vÅT«È®a±Ú¸s¡v¡A¨º»ò¡A§Ú̦ܤ֥²¶·¦b°ò¥»¥ß³õ¦³ªì¨Bªº¦@ÃÑ¡C ´N°ò¥»¥ß³õ¦Ó¨¥¡A§ÚÌ¥H¬°¡A¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vÀ³¸Ó¬O¡u¥H«È®a¬°¤¤¤ß¡v¡]Hakka-centered¡B©Î¬OHakkacentric¡^ªº¾Ç¬ì¡A¤]´N¬O±j½Õ¥H«È®aªºÆ[ÂI¡A¨Ó§e²{«È®a§Î¶H¡B¥H¤Î¸àÄÀ«È®a¸gÅç¡F¦P®É¡A§Ú̧Ʊæ¥H§å§PªººA«×¡A°£¤FnªÈ¥¿¾ú¥v´Ý¾lªºt±¨èª©¦L¶H¡AÁÙn¦b¤F¸Ñ¦Û§Úªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¹Á¸ÕµÛ¥h¥¿±«¬¶ì«È®a¤Hªº»{¦P¡F³Ì«á¡A§Ú̧Ʊæ¯à«õ±¸¡B±ÀºV¥X«È®a±Ú¸s©Ò¥ø¬ßªº·NÃѧκA¡]©Î¬O²z©À¡^¡A¥H«O»Ù«È®a±Ú¸sªº¸sÅéÅv§Q¡]group rights¡^¡B¥H¤Î±À°Ê«È®a¤Hªº¶°ÅéºÖ¬ç¡C ³o¼Ëªº°ò¥»³~®|¡þ¬[ºc¡AI«á¨ä¹ê¬OÁô§tµÛ´X¶µ¤£»¡¦Û©úªº°²³]¡Cº¥ý¡A¯¸¦b½T¥ß«È®a±Ú¸s¦s¦bªº¤j«e´£¤U¡A«È®a¸gÅ禳¨ä¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¤Wªº»ùÈ¡F±µµÛ¡A«È®a¸gÅç¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¬ì¾Çªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¬ã¨s¡A¥]¬A¥¿½Tªº´yz¡B¦X²zªº¸ÑÄÀ¡B¥H¤Î¦³®Äªº³B¤è¡F³Ì«á¡A¤£½×¬O±q±Ú¸sÃö«Y¡BÁÙ¬O°ê®a¾ãÅ骺¥ß³õ¨Ó¬Ý¡A§Ú̬۫H«È®a¸gÅ禳¨ä¥¿±ªº°^Äm¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦b¬ÛÃö¬Fµ¦ªº³W¹º¤W¡C ¨ä¹ê¡A´N¬Fªvõ¾Çªº¼h±¨Ó¬Ý¡u¥H«È®a¬°¤¤¤ß¡v¡A§Ú̺¥ýnªGÂ_©Úµ´¹ï©ó«È®a±Ú¸s©Ò¥[ªº°¾¨£¡Bª[µø¡B©Î¬O®t§O«Ý¹J¡A¤£ºÞ¬O¾ú¥vªº¿ò¸ñ¡BÁÙ¬O·sªñªº§@¬°¡F§Ṳ́]°í¨M¤Ï¹ï¥ô¦ó§Î¦¡ªº¦P¤Æ¬Fµ¦¡B©Î¬O¿Ä¦X±¹¬I¡A¤£ºÞ¬O±j¤O¹G¢¡BÁÙ¬O´`´`µ½»¤¡A¤]¤£ºÞ¬O³Q¢±µ¨ü¡BÁÙ¬O¥D°Ê¿ï¾Ü¡F§Ú̧ón±j¯P¥D±i°ê®a¹ï©ó¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sÅv§Qªº«O»Ù¡A¤£ºÞ¬O¬Fªv¡B¸gÀÙ¡BªÀ·|¡BÁÙ¬O¤å¤Æ¼h±¡C °Ñ¡B±Ð¨|¾÷ºc ¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v§@¬°±Ð¨|¾÷ºc¡A¥i¥H±q¦æ¬F²Õ´¡B®v¸ê¸u¥ô¡B±Ð¾Ç¥Î»y¡B¥H¤Î½Òµ{¦w±Æµ¥´XÓ¼h±¨Ó¦Ò¹î¡Cº¥ý¡A´N¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¦w¨¥ß©Rªº¦æ¬F²Õ´¦Ó¨¥¡A´N¨î«×¤Æ¡]institutionalization¡^ªº¥úÃФW¨Ó¬Ý¡]Champagne & Stauss, 2002:
3-6¡^¡A¥i¥H¥Ñ¦Û¥D©Ê³Ì°ªªº«È®a¤j±M°|®Õ¡Aº¥¶i¨ìºî¦X¤j¾Ç¸ÌÀYªº«È®a¾Ç°|¡A©Î¬O¨ì¾ã¦X¦¡ªº³æ¤@¨t©Ò¡B¾Çµ{¡B©Î¬O¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡A¤£¤@¦Ó¨¬¡]¹Ï3¡^¡C´N«È®a¤j¾Ç¦Ó¨¥¡A¥Ñ©ó®v¥Í³£¬O¥Ñ«È®a¤H©Òºc¦¨¡B©Î¬O¥H«È®a¤H¬°¥DÅé¡A¾Ç³N¤W·íµM·|¥H¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¬°¤¤¤ß¡A²z½×¤W¬Ý¨Ó¡A®Õ¤ºªº¸ó»â°ì¨ó½Õ¤ñ®Õ»Úªº¸ó»â°ì¾ã¦X®e©ö¹F¦¨¡A®v¸ê¡B¥H¤Î½Òµ{ªº¦w±Æ¬Û¹ï¤W·|¤ñ¸û¦X²z¡A¤£·|¦³¦]¤H¶}½Ò¡B©Î¬O¨Ñ»Ý¤£¿ÅªºÀª§¼±¡ªp¡C¤£¹L¡A¦pªG®v¥ÍÄY®æ¨î¦b«È®a¨¤À¡A®£©È·|¦³±Ú¸s¹jÂ÷ªº®ÄªG¡A¦]¦¹¡A¥un¤£·l®`«È®a¥DÅé©Êªºì«h¤U¡A¤£§«¾A«×¶}©ñ¦WÃB¡A¥i¥H±N«D«È®a®v¥Íµø¬°±Ú¸s¤§¶¡±µÄ²ªº¤¶±¡C ²Ä¤GºØ¦w±Æ¬OÁY¤p½d³ò¡A¦b²{¦³ªº¤j¾Ç²zÀY¥t¥~¦¨¥ß«È®a¾Ç°|¡C¥Ñ©ó¬O°|¯Åªº½s¨î¡A¨t©Ò¤§¶¡¦Û¦¨¤@Åé¡A®v¸ê¡B½Òµ{¤W¥i¥H¤¬³q¦³µL¡F¦¹¥~¡A¥un©¼¦¹ªº¶Ç²Î»â°ì¤£n¬Û®t¤Ó¤j¡A¤]¦³¾ã¦X¬ã¨sªºªÅ¶¡¡C³Ì«nªº¬O¡A¥Ñ©ó¥»¨¨ã¦³¬Û·íµ{«×ªº³W¼Ò¡A°|ªøn¦b®Õ°È·|ij¤Wª§¨ú¸g¶O¸É§U¡B¤H¨ÆûÃB¡B©Î¬OµwÅéªÅ¶¡¡AÁÙ¬O¥i¥H¹C¤b¦³¾l¡C¤£¹L¡A¦pªG¾Ç°|¬O¥Ñ쥻ªº¨t©Ò¡B¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡B©Î¬O¦@¦P¬ì¥Ø¡þ³qÃѱШ|¤¤¤ßÂX½s¦Ó¨Ó¡A¥i¯à·|¨ü©ó²{¦³ªº®v¸ê¦Ó¥X²{¦]¤H³]¨Æªº±¡ªp¡A¶i¦Ó³y¦¨µLªk¸u¥ô§ó±M·~¤H¿ïªºµ~¹Ò¡C³ÌÄY«ªº±¡ªp¡A¬O¤j¾Ç¦pªG¤£¦w¦n¤ß¡A¥u¬OÁ»¿Ì¬ÛÃö³æ¦ì¥i¯àѺª`ªºµwÅé«Ø³]¡A»{¬°¶]¤F©M©|¡B¶]¤£¤F¼q¡A¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡A«È®a¾Ç°|±N¥u¤£¹L¬Oµu´Áªº¹L¸ô°]¯«¡F¤@¥¹¥~¨Ó°]·½Â_µ´¡A«È®a¾Ç°|²_¬°®Õ¤ºªº©t¦ÚÄ^¤l¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó¥i¯à³Q¦ø¾÷Â૬¬°ªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç°|¡C ²Ä¤TºØ±¡ªp¬O³]¥ß«È®a¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡B«È®a¬ã¨s¾Çµ{¡B©Î¬O«È®a¬ã¨s¨t©Ò¡A¥i¥H»¡¬O¤@¯ë¤j¾Ç¹ï©ó¦h¤¸¤å¤Æ¥D¸qªº°_½X¦^À³¡A¥i¥HÅý«È®a¡B¥H¤Î«D«È®a¾Ç¥Í¾Ç±o«È®a¸gÅç¡C¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A«È®a¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¥i¥Hºâ¬OÄw³]«È®a¬ã¨s¨t©ÒªºÅv©y¤§¹D¡A³q±`¥u¦³Â²³æªº¬ã¨s¤Hû¡A¨S¦³¯à¤O¶}³]½Òµ{¡Cªì´Á¡A¾Ç®Õ¥i¥H¥ý¦b¶Ç²Î»â°ì¡A¸Õ¶}´Xªù±a¦³«È®a¦¨¤Àªº½Òµ{¡AÄ´¦p¾ú¥v¾Ç¡B»y¨¥¾Ç¡B¤HÃþ¾Ç¡B©Î¬OªÀ·|¾Ç¡A¦æ¦³¾l¤O¡A©Î³\¥i¥H¹Á¸Õ¸ó¨tªº«È®a¬ã¨s¾Çµ{¡A¯S§O¬O¦b¦³¾Ç¥Í»Ý¨Dªº±¡ªp¤U¡F³o¼Ëªº¾Çµ{¡A¥i¥H¼È®É©}´N¦b³æ¤@¨t©Ò¤§¤U¡A¤]¥i¥H¦b¾Ç°|¤§¤U¹B§@¡F·í®v¸ê¡B¥H¤Î¾Ç¥Í³£¦³¬Û·í¨Ó·½¤§«á¡A¿W¥ßªº¨t©Ò´N¤ô¨ì´ë¦¨¡B©I¤§±ý¥X¡C¤£¹L¡A§Y¨Ï«È®a¨t©Ò¤£¦A±H¤HÆX¤U¡A¤ñ°_«È®a¾Ç°|¡A¦b¥ý¤Ñ¤WÁÙ¬O¦ì©ó®Õ¤ºÄvª§ªº¦H¶Õ¡A°£«D¬O¦³¨Ó¦Û®Õ¥~ªº©T©w¶ø´©¡A¤~·|³Qµø¬°¨í¥Ø¬Û¬Ýªºª÷Âû¥À¡C ¦³Ãö©ó¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v±Ð®v¡B©Î¬O¬ã¨s¤Hûªº¸u¥Î¡A¨s³ºn¨ã³Æ¦óºØ°_½Xªº¸ê®æ¡H§ÚÌ¥i¥H±q«È®a¨¤À¡B¥H¤Î±M·~¯à¤O¨âÓ±¦V¨Ó«ä¦Ò¡]¹Ï4¡^¡Cº¥ý¡A¥Ñ©ó¨CÓ±Ú¸s³£¦³¦Û¤v¿W¯Sªº¾ú¥v¸gÅç¡A³o¬O¥L¤HµLªk¨ú¥Nªº¡A¦]¦¹¡A¦b²z·Qªº±¡ªp¤U¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O¥Ñ«È®a¾ÇªÌ¨Ó¾á¥ô¡C²Ä¤GÓ±¦V¬O±q¨Æ«È®a¬ã¨sªº±M·~¯à¤O¡A¥i¥HÆ[¹îªº«ü¼Ð¥]¬A¬O§_¦b¶Ç²Î»â°ì±µ¨üÄY®æªº¾Ç³N°V½m¡BºÓ³Õ¤h½×¤å¬O§_»P«È®a¬ã¨s¬ÛÃö¡B©ÎªÌ¬O§_°µ¹LÃþ¦üªº¬ã¨s¡C´N²z½×¤W¨Ó¬Ý¡A¾Ç³N°V½mÀ³¸Ó¬O°_½Xªºn¨D¡A§_«h¡A¬O¨S¦³¿ìªkt¾á¿W¥ß¬ã¨sªº³d¥ô¡F°ÝÃD¬O¡A¦³¯à¤O¥¼¥²¥Nªí¦³·NÄ@¶i¦æ«È®a¬ã¨s¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¦pªG¥u¬O¤@Ó¾÷·|¥D¸qªÌ¡A¦o¡þ¥Lªº½Lºâ¬O¥ý¨ú±o±Ð¾¡B¦A¦ø¾÷Âà¨ì»P¨ä¦b¶Ç²Î»â°ì©ÒÀò±o¾Ç¦ìªº¨t©Ò¡A·íµM¤£¯à±H±æ¹ï©ó¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¥þ¤O»Pu¡A¦]¦¹¡A¨s³º¥Ó½ÐªÌªº¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¡B©Î¬O¬ã¨spµe¬O§_¬ÛÃö¡A¦Ü¤Ö¥i¥HºÞ窥¬O§_¦³¬ã¨s°Ê¾÷«È®a¡C ®Ú¾Ú¤W±ªº°Q½×¡A³Ì¨Îªº«È®a¬ã¨sªÌÀ³¸Ó¬O¦P®É¨ã³Æ«È®a¨¤À¡B¤S¬O¨ã¦³«È®a¬ã¨s±M·~¯à¤OªÌ¡F¬Û¹ï¦a¡A³Ì¤£¾A¤Áªº¤H¿ï¬O¬J«D«È®a¤H¡B¦P®É¤S¯Ê¥F¬ã¨s¯à¤OªÌ¡C°ÝÃD¬O¡A¦b±Ä¨ú×¥hªk¶i¦æ¿z¿ï¤§«á¡A§Ú̱¹ïªº¬D¾Ô´N¬O¡u¨¤Àvs.±M·~¡vªº§à¾Ü¡A¤]´N¬O¡A¨ì©³¦³±M·~¯à¤Oªº«D«È®a¬ã¨sªÌ¡BÁÙ¬O¨S¦³±M·~¸gÅ窺«È®a¤H¡A¦óªÌ¥i¥H¦C¬°Àu¥ý¦Ò¼{¡Hì«h¤W¡A§ÚÌ»{¬°±M·~¯à¤O¡þ¸gÅçÀ³¸Ó¬O¤ñ«È®a¨¤À«n¡A¦]¬°¡A°£«D¬O§@¬°¾n®Õªº¥Á«U¶ÇÁ~ªÌ¡B©Î¬O¤åÃÀ¤H¤h¡A§_«h¡A¦b¤@Ó·s³Ðªº¾Ç³N»â°ì¡An¦P®É°V½m¤@Ó·s¤H¡B«o¤S´Á«Ý¦o¡þ¥L±q¨Æ±Ð¾Ç¬ã¨s¡A´X¥G¬O¤ñµn¤ÑÁÙÃø¡F¦]¦¹¡A°£«D»¡¦b¤j¾Ç³¡¦³¨I«ªº±Ð¾ÇÀ£¤O¡AÀ³¸Ó§â³o¼ËªºªÅ¯Ê¼È®É«O¯d¡A³»¦h¸u¥ô¤@ÓÝ¥ôªºÁ¿®v¡C µM«h¡A¸u¥Î¤@¦W¨ã¦³±M·~¯à¤Oªº«D«È®a¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¨Ã«D§¹¥þ¨S¦³·ÀI¡Cº¥ý¡A§Ú̾á¤ßªºÁÙ¬O¡uÂà´«ªÌ¡v¡]convert¡^¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¦b¤H¯B©ó¨Æªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¥¿¦n¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¦¨¬°Åã¾Ç¡A¶Õ¥²¦³¤H¦b¶Ç²Î»â°ì¿ï¾Ü«È®aijÃD§@¬°¾Ç¦ì½×¤åªºÃD§÷¡A¤]¦³¤H©Î³\¥u¬O¬°¤F¥Ó½Ð¬ã¨spµe¦h¤@±øºÞ¹D¦Óµy§@½Õ¾ã¡A¤£ºÞ¬O¨ú±o¾Ç¦ì¤§«e¡B©Î¬O¤§«á¶i¦æµ¦²¤©ÊÂà¦V¡A§Ú̵Lªk«OÃÒ¦o¡þ¥L¬O§_Ä@·N§â¤@³¡¤Àªº¤ß¤O«O¯dµ¹¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¡C§ÚÌ¥H¬°¡A°£¤F»¡³z¹L¸u¥ô¤§«eªº±½Í¨Ó®ÇºV°¼À»¥H¥~¡A°ß¤@¯à°µªº´N¬O¸u¥ô«áªº©w´ÁµûŲ¡AÄ´¦p»¡¡A¥²¶·¬ù©w¦³¬Û·í¤ñ²vªº¬ã¨s¥²¶·¥Î¦b¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¡F¨ä¹ê¡A§Y¨Ï¬O¤@Ө㦳±M·~¯à¤Oªº«È®a¬ã¨sªÌ¡A§Ṳ́]«ÜÃø´Á«Ý¦o¡þ¥L¤J¦æ¥H«á¡A·|¦p¦ó¨M©w§â¬ã¨sºë¤O¤À°tµ¹¤©¶Ç²Î»â°ì¡B¥H¤Î¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¡C ¨ä¹ê¡A¤£ºÞ¬O§_¨ã¦³«È®a¨¤À¡A³Ì§xÃøªºÁÙ¬O¦p¦óÅý«È®a¬ã¨sªÌ¨ã¦³«È®aªº¡u±Ó·P«×¡v¡]sensitivity¡^¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¦p¦ó¯àÅé·|¨ì«È®a±Ú¸s¦b¾E±p¥xÆWªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¦b¯Ê¥F²{¥N°ê®a«O»Ùªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¦p¦ó¯à°÷©e¦±¨D¥þ¦w¨¥ß©R¡C¤@Ó¸g¹L±M·~°V½mªº«È®a¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¤]³\¨ã³Æ¬ÛÃöªºª¾ÃÑ¡B±q¨Æ¹L¬ÛÃöªº¬ã¨s¡B¤]¦³±j¯Pªº¤Jªù°Ê¾÷¡AµM¦Ó¡A¥un¦o¡þ¥LµLªk¨ú±o«È®aªº¦P²z¤ß¡]empathy¡^¡A¨º»ò¡A°µ¥X¨Óªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¡B©Î¬O¬Fµ¦«Øij¡AY«D¯B¥ú±°¼v¡A·¥¦³¥i¯à¤£²Å«È®a±Ú¸sªº»Ýn¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó»P«È®a±Ú¸sªº§Q¯q®¯¹D¦Ó¹£¡C§ÚÌ¥H¬°¡A¤p¤ßÆ[¹î¸u¥ô«e°Ñ»P±M·~¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¹ÎÅ骺¸gÅç¡B¥H¤Î§V¤O¶i¦æ¸u¥ô«áªº¦P¹±ªÀ·|¤Æ¡A©Î³\¦³©Ò§U¯q¡C ³Ì«á¡A¨ì©³«È®a¬ã¨s¾ÇªÌ¬O§_¤@©wnÀ´±o«È®a¸Ü¡H¥H¾Ç³N¬ã¨sªº¼Ð·Ç¨Ó¬Ý¡A¦pªG¤@Ó±q¨Æ°Ï°ì¬ã¨sªº¤H¨S¦³·í¦a»y¨¥¯à¤O¡A¶Õ¥²¦b²Ä¤@¤â¤åÄmªº¨ú±o¤W±¹ï»Ùê¡A§Y¨Ï¬O¦³§¹³ÆªºÂ½Ä¶³]¬I»²§U¡AÃø§K¥ª¤ä¥k²Ò¡F¤×¨ä¬O¦b¶i¦æ²Ä¤@½uªº¬ã¨s¤§»Ú¡A¶Õ¥²n¥õ¿à¶ÇĶ¤Hû¡B©Î¬O¸ê®Æ´£¨ÑªÌ¡AÃø§K¦³¹j¹u·kÄo¤§¯Ê¾Ñ¡C¦]¦¹¡A§Y¨Ï¤£¨ã³Æ«È®a¨¤À¡A°_½Xªº«È»y¯à¤O¬O¥²nªº¡A°£«D¬O¦o¡þ¥L©Ò¶i¦æªº¬ã¨s¤£¥Î±q¨Æ¥Ð³¥½Õ¬d¡B©Î¬O»P«È®a¤Hª«ª½±µ¹ï¸Ü¡C ¦Ü©ó±Ð¾Ç¤è±¡A´N¦³¤ñ¸û¤jªº°Q½×ªÅ¶¡¡A¯S§O¬O¤j¾Ç³¡ªº½Òµ{¡A´N¥úÃЦӨ¥¡A¥i¥H¥Ñ³Ì·¥ºÝªº¿W´LµØ»y¡þ¥_¨Ê¸Ü¡Aº¥¶i¨ìµØ»y»P«È»y¨Ã¥Î¡A»¼éQ¨ì¥þ³¡±Ä¥Î«È»y¡]¹Ï5¡^¡CÁöµM§Ų́èS¦³ªk©wªº°ê®a»y¨¥¡B©Î¬O©x¤è»y¡A¤£¹L¡A¾Ô«á¥H¨Ó¡AµØ»y«o¬O¹ê½èªº¡u°ê»y¡v¡A±Ð¨|³¡¬Æ¦Ü©ó¦³¤@Ó±`³]ªº¡u°ê»y±À¦æ©eû·|¡v¡A¤]¦]¦¹¡AµØ»y³Q·í§@±Ð¾Ç»y¨¥¡A«Ü¤Ö³Q½èºÃ¡F§Y¨Ïªñ¦~¨Ó¦b°ê¥Á¤p¾Ç¦³©Ò¿×ªº¡u¶m¤g»y¨¥¡v±Ð¾Ç¡AµM¦Ó¡A¨C¶g¥u¦³¤@¸`½ÒµêÀ³¬G¨Æ¡AªM¤ô¨®Á~¡B©ó¨ÆµL¸É¡C µM¦Ó¡A±q°ê»Ú¤HÅvªº¼é¬y¨Ó¬Ý¡]¬I¥¿¾W¡A2004¡^¡A¥À»y¨ü±Ð¬O°ò¥»ªº¤HÅv¡A¯S§O¬O¹ï©ó¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s¦Ó¨¥¡A»y¨¥´N¬Oºûô±Ú¸s©R¯ß¤£¥i¯Ê¤Öªºn¯À¡C¯S§O¬O¹ï©ó«È®a±Ú¸s¦Ó¨¥¡A»y¨¥¬O©w¸q«È®a»{¦P³Ì¬°«K±¶ªº«ÈÆ[±ø¥ó¡A¦]¦¹¡Aªø¤[¥H¨Ó¡A¡uÁÙ§Ú¥À»y¡v¤@ª½¬O«È®a¹B°Ê³Ì«nªº¶D¨D¡F¨ä¹ê¡A¤µ¤Ñ«È»y¤§©Ò¥H·|ä¹s¡A¥i¥H¤jPÂk©S²ÎªvªÌ¦b¦Ê¦~¨Ó©Ò±Ä¨úªº¡u°ê»y¬Fµ¦¡v¡C¦b³o¼Ëªº¤jÀô¹Ò¤§¤U¡A¥H«È®a¸Ü¨Ó¶i¦æ«D»y¨¥«È®a¬ã¨s½Òµ{ªº±Ð¾Ç¡AÁöµM¤£¯àºÙ±o¤W»¡¬O®Â½Ã«È®a»{¦Pªº³Ì«á³ùÂS¡A¤£¹L¡A¦Ü¤Ö¥i¥H¹ï©ó¥¼¨Óªº«È®aµ×^¡AÀç³y¥t¤@Ó«D¥Í¬¡«È®a¸ÜªºªÅ¶¡¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A«È»y¤]¥i¥H§@¬°±Ð¨|¡þ¬ì¾Ç¥Î³~ªº»y¨¥¡F¹ï©ó«D«È®a¾Ç¥Í¨Ó»¡¡A¤×¨ä¬O¨Ó¦Û«D«È®aì¶m¦a°ÏªÌ¡A°£¤F¤£¦P¯Å¼Æªº«È®a»y¨¥½Òµ{¥H¥~¡A³o¨Ç¤]¥i¥H·í§@¾Ç²ß«È®a¸Üªº¶i¶¥¹B¥Î½Òµ{¡C ¤£¹L¡AY¦Ò¼{¨ì¨Ã«D©Ò¦³ªº®v¥Í³£¼ô¿Ú«È®a¸Ü¡A¦Ü¤Ö¦b²{¶¥¬q¡A¥i¥H±Ä¥Î«È¡þµØÂù»yªº¤è¦¡±Ð¾Ç¡C¤jÅé¦Ó¨¥¡AÂù»y¡]bilingualism¡^¦³¤TºØ¤è¦¡¡A²Ä¤@ºØ¬O±Ä¥Î§{¶¡©Ò¿×ªº¡u¦ÛµM»y¡v¤è¦¡¡A¤]´N¬O¦b½Ò°ó¤W¥HµØ»y¬°±Ð¾Ç¥DÅé¡A¦A¾A«×¦a¬ï´¡«È®aµü·J¡A¤×¨ä¬O¹ï©ó«D«È®a¾Ç¥Í¦Ó¨¥¡A©Î³\¥i¥H¦³´`§Çº¥¶iªºµÎ½w¨B½Õ¡A¤ñ¸û¤£·|²£¥Í»q¨¬¤£«eªº·Pı¡F¤£¹L¡A³oºØ²V·fªºÂù»y±Ð¾ÇÃø§K·|Åý¾Ç¥Í¦³¡u««ª½Âù¨¥¡v¡]diglossia¡^ªº»{ª¾¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A»~¥H¬°µØ»y¤~¬O¥Dnªº»y¨¥¡A¦Ó«È»y¥u¯à§@¬°¤£µn¤j¶®¤§°óªº»²§U©Ê»y¨¥¡A¦]¦¹¡A³oºØÂù»y½Òµ{À³¸Ó¥u¬O¤Jªù½Òµ{¡B©Î¬O¹L´ç©Êªº°µªk¡C ²Ä¤GºØÂù»y±Ð¾Ç¬O¥H¬ì¨t§@¬°Âù¤¸ªº½d³ò¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A°£¤F¬Y¨Ç½Òµ{¥HµØ»y±Ð¾Ç¥H¥~¡A¯S§O¬O·s¥Íªº³¡¤À¡A¨ä¥L°ª¦~¯Åªº½Òµ{¥þ³¡±Ä¥Î«È®a±Ð¾Ç¡C³o¼Ëªº¦w±Æ¤è¦¡¡A³Ì¤jªºÀuÂI´N¬O¹ªÀy¾Ç¥Í¾¨§Ö¦b×·~ªºªì´Á¨ú±o«È»y¯à¤OªºÀË©w¡A¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡A·í¾Ç¥Í²¦·~¤§»Ú¡A´N¥i¥H¦P®É¨ã³Æ¬Û·íªº«È»y¯à¤O¡C¤£¹L¡A°£«D±Ð®v¤]¦³Ãþ¦üªº»y¨¥ÀË©wn¨D¡A§_«h¡A¤£¿Ú«È»yªº±Ð®v´N¥Ã»·¥u¯à¥ô±Ðªì¯Å½Òµ{¡C·íµM¡A³o¼ËªºÂù»y±Ð¾Ç¥²¶·«Ø¥ß¦b¤@Ó°ò¥»°²³]¡A¤]´N¬O»y¨¥¯à¤O¦³¥«³õ¤Wªº»Ý¨D¡A§_«h¡A®£©È¥u¦³¦³§Ó¶i¤@¨B±q¨Æ¬ã¨sªÌ¡B©Î¬O¦³¬Û·í¨Ï©R·PªÌ¡A§_«h¡A®£©È©Û¥Í¤£©ö¡C ²Ä¤TºØ¬O±Ä¨ú¥¦æÂù»y±Ð¾Çªº¤è¦¡¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A³o¬O§´¨ó©Êªº«ä¦Ò¡A¦P¤@ºØ½Òµ{¦P®É¶}³]«È»y¡B¥H¤ÎµØ»yªº¯Z¯Å¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í¦³¿ïתº¦Û¥Ñ¡Cº¥ý¡A³o¥²¶·¦b®v¸ê¦³¬Û·í³W¼Òªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¤~¦³¥i¯à¦p¦¹°ø¨×¦a¶}½Ò¡A¦]¦¹¡A°£«D¬O¤@©Ò±Mªùªº«È®a¤j¾Ç¡B©Î¬O°ò¦½Òµ{¡A¤@¯ë«È®a¾Ç°|®£©È¬O¤ß¦³¾l¦Ó¤O¤£¨¬¡C¦¹¥~¡A§Y¨Ï¥¦æ½Òµ{¶}±o¥X¨Ó¡A°£«D¦³¯S§Oªº»¤¦]¡B©Î¬O¿ï½Ò¤H¼Æªº¨î¡A§_«h¡A¦p¦ó±¹ï¾Ç¥ÍÁÍÁ׫Ȼy±Ð¾Ç½Òµ{¡A±N¬O½Òµ{³W¹ºªº¤@¤j¬D¾Ô¡C ªø´Á¨Ó¬Ý¡A«È®a¤j¾ÇÀ³¸Ó¬O¿n·¥°l¨Dªº¥Ø¼Ð¡A§_«h¡A¦b¥Ø«e¥H²z¤uÂå¾Çªùªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¦Ò®Ö¤H¤åªÀ·|¬ì¾Çªº§x¹Ò¤U¡A¾ÇªÌ©¹©¹¬°¤F¤Éµ¥¦Ó³Q¢¶i¦æ¤ñ¸û¯àÀò±o¶q¤ÆµûŲªº¬ã¨s¡A¤£±o¤£±N½×¤å¼g§@¤è¦V½Õ¾ã¬°¯à§ë½Z¦W¦CSCI¡]Science Citation Index¡B¬ì¾Ç¤Þ¤å¯Á¤Þ¡^¡BSSCI¡]Social Sciences Citation Index¡BªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¤Þ¤å¯Á¤Þ¡^¡BEI¡]Engineer Information¡B¤uµ{¯Á¤Þ¡^¡BA&HCI¡]Arts and Humanities Citation
Index¡BÃÀ³N»P¤H¤å¤Þ¥Î¯Á¤Þ¡^¡BTSSCI¡]Taiwan Social Science Citation
Index¡B»OÆWªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¤Þ¤å¯Á¤Þ¡^ªº¾Ç³N´Á¥Z¡A«È®a¾Ç°|¡þ¨t©Òªº¬ã¨s¶Õ¥²n°¾Â÷³o¨Ç¾÷ºc·íªì¦¨¥ßªº©v¦®¡C§Y¨Ï¨S¦³³o¼ËªºÀ£¤O¡A«È®a¬ã¨s¾ÇªÌ¤]n¤£®É¾D¨ì¶Ç²Î»â°ìªº½èºÃ¡B©Î¬O»¤´b¡A§Æ±æ±N¦Û¤vªº¬ã¨s¾É¦V¡u¥D¬y¡v¡A¦]¦¹¡A°ß¦³¦b¿W¥ß¦Û¥Dªº«È®a¤j¾Ç¡B©Î¬O«È®a¾Ç°|ªº°|ªø¦³±j¶Õªº§@·¤§¤U¡A§_«h¡A«È®a¬ã¨s¾ÇªÌªº¤Éµ¥¹Lµ{¤@©w·|¤ñ¸û±T¹ò¡C ¸v¡BªÀ·|ªA°È «È®a¬ã¨sªÌ¥²¶·²M·¡¦a¦Û§Ú¦a¦ì¡A¥Ñ©ó¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¥»¨¬O«È®a¹B°Êªº¦A¥Í¡A¦]¦¹¡A°£¤F°ò¥»ªº¬ã¨s¡B±Ð¾Çµ¥¾Ç³N³d¥ô¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¦³§@¬°ª¾ÃѤÀ¤lªºªÀ·|ªA°È¸q°È¡A§_«h¡A±N¥u¤£¹L¬O³Q©Ò¿×¥D¬yªÀ·|©Ò®Ø¬[ªº¤j¾Ç§l¯Çªº¼ËªO½}¤F¡C´N¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vªº¥Ø¼Ð¦Ó¨¥¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H¥Ñ«È®a±Ú¸s¡B±Ú¸sÃö«Y¡B¥H¤Î°ê®a¤TÓ±¦V¨Ó¦Ò¹îªº¥ô°È¡A¤]´N¬O«È®a±Ú¸s¦Û§Ú»{¦Pªº«Øºc¡B»P¨ä¥L±Ú¸s¶i¦æ¹ïµ¥ªº¤¬°Ê¡B¥H¤Î»P°ê®aªº¦X²z©w¦ì¡C°£¤F»¡§@¬°°ö¾i«È®aµ×^ªº·nÄx¡B¥H¤Î¾á¥ô«È®a±Ú¸sªº³ï¦Þ¥H¥~¡A¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¤]¥i¥H§@¬°±Ú¸s¤§¶¡¹ï¸Üªº½×¾Â¡A¦¹¥~¡AÁÙ¥i¥H¦Û¥D¦a¬É©w°ê®aªº¨¤¦â¡C º¥ý¡A¹ï©ó«È®a±Ú¸s¥»¨¦Ó¨¥¡A¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vªº³Ì°ò¥»n¨D¡A´N¬O¦p¦óÅý«È®a±Ú¸s¤F¸Ñ¦Û¤v¡B«·s§e²{¦Û§Ú¡C§ÚÌÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H¦P·N¡A¦b°¸®íªº¾ú¥v±¡¹Ò¤§¤U¡A«È®a¤H¦b¥xÆWªºµo®i¦³¨ä§¢©Vªº¤ß¸ô¾úµ{¡A¯S§O¬O¦b±¹ï¤H¼Æ¸û¦hªº»Ô«n¤H¡B¥H¤Î±j½ÕÂk¦]¡]ascribed¡^¯S½è§¡¤@¤Æ¡]homogenized¡^ªº¬Fªv¤å¤Æ¡AY¤£±µ¨ü¦P¤Æ¡B¦A¤£´N¬O¿ï¾ÜÃ䶫¤Æ¡B©Î¬O¦Û§ÚÁô§Î¤Æ¡A¯S§O¬O©~©ó³£·|°Ïªºµ×^¡F§Y¨Ï¤@¦V¿ò¥@¿W¥ßªº«È®aì¶m¡]®ç¦Ë]¡B¤»°ï¡^¡AÀHµÛ«°¶m®t¶Zªº©Ôªñ¡A¥~¨Óª«½è¤å¤ÆÅãµÛ¦a¨R¿EµÛ©T¦³»â°ìªº¦w¥þ·P¡CÁ`¤§¡A«È®a¤Hªº¶°Åé»{¦P±¹ï«·s·Q¹³ªº½ÒÃD¡AÄ´¦p»¡¡G¨s³º«È®a»{¦P¬O¦p¦ó²£¥Í¡Bºû«ù¡B©Î¬Oµo®i¡H«È®a¸gÅ禳¦ó¯S§O¤§³B¡H§@¬°«È®a¤Hªº·Pı¬O¬Æ»ò¡H«È®a·NÃѬO¦p¦ó²£¥Íªº¡H«È®a¨¤À¬O¦p¦ó¨ú±oªº¡H«È®a´LÄY±¹ï¦óºØ¬D¾Ô¡H¥H¤Î«È®a¤H¥i¥H°µ«ç»ò¼Ëªº½Õ¾A¡H ¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v°£¤FÃö¤ß«È®a±Ú¸s¥»¨ªº¦Û§Ú©w¸q¡A¤]nÃöÃh«È®a¤H»P¨ä¥L¤TÓ±Ú¸sªº±µÄ²¡A¦p¦óºû«ù¬YºØµ{«×ªº®t²§¬É½u¡AÄ´¦p»¡¡G«È®a±Ú¸s¦b½ÆÂøªº±Ú¸sµ²ºc¤¤¡A¨s³ºÅv¤OÃö«Y¦p¦ó¡H«È®a±Ú¸s¨s³ºn§êºt¿Wµ½¨ä¨¡B©¾¸Û·ù¤Í¡BÁÙ¬O¥òµôªÌªº¨¤¦â¡H«È®a±Ú¸s»P¨ä¥L±Ú¸sªº¤¬°Ê¡A¨s³º¬O¤¬¸É¡BÁÙ¬O¤¬¥¸¡H«È®a±Ú¸s»P¨ä¥L±Ú¸sªºµ²·ù¡A¨s³º¬Onºû«ù©T©wªº¼Ò¦¡¡BÁÙ¬OnµøijÃD§@¿ï¾Ü©Êªº¾÷°Ê½Õ¾ã¡H³oºØµ²·ù¬On©w¦bµ×^¡B¸s²³¡BÁÙ¬O¤£¤À¼h¦¸¡H¨s³º¥xÆW«È®a¤Hªº±Ú¸s¸gÅç¡A»P®ü¥~¥xÆW«È®a¤H¦³¦ó²§¦P¡H»P¤¤°ê¡BªF«n¨È¡B©Î¬O¥@¬É¨ä¥L¦U¦aªº«È®a¤H©O¡H ·íµM¡A¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vÁÙn³z¹L±Ú¸s¬Fµ¦ªº³Wµe¡A¹ï©ó±Ú¸s»P°ê®a¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y´£¥X«Ø¨¥¡A¦¹®É¡A¥»¨ªº©w¦ì¤£¥u¬O©ó¾á¥ô«È®a±Ú¸sªº¥N¨¥¤H¡B©Î¬O±Ú¸s¤§¶¡½Õ©M¹©è󪺲ĤTªÌ¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ón´£¤É¬°°ê®a¬Fµ¦¥D¾ÉªÌ¡AÄ´¦p»¡¡G¨s³º°ê®a¬O¤ä°t©Ê±Ú¸sªº¤u¨ã¡B«ÈÆ[ªºµô§P¡BÁÙ¬O´£¨Ñ¤½¥¹CÀ¸³W«hªº¦Û¥DÓÅé¡H°ê®a¹ï©ó±Ú¸sÃö«Y¬On¶¶¨ä¦ÛµM¡BÁÙ¬O¿n·¥ªº¤¶¤J¡H¨s³º³o¬O¤@Ó³æ¤@¤å¤Æ¡BÂù¤å¤Æ¡B°Ñ¤å¤Æ¡BÁÙ¬O¦h¤¸¤å¤Æªº°ê®a¡H¨s³º³o¬O¤@ӵؤH¡þº~¤H¡þð¤H¡]Chinese¡^¬°¥Dªº°ê®a¡B«n®q¥Á±Ú¡]Austronesian¡^¬°¥Dªº°ê®a¡BÁÙ¬O¨âªÌ¤@¼Ë«nªºÂù¥Á±Ú°ê®a¡H³o¬O¤@Óì¦í¥Á±Ú¡]indigenous peoples¡^°ê®a¡B¾Á´Þ¡]settler¡^°ê®a¡BÁÙ¬O²¾¥Á¡]immigrant¡^°ê®a¡H°ê®aÀ³¸ÓµLµø±Ú¸sªº®t²§¡BÁÙ¬O¥¿¦¡¥[¥H©Ó»{¡H±Ú¸s¤§¶¡ªº®t²§À³¸Ó¬O³vº¥®ø³u¡BÁÙ¬O¨î«×¤Æ¤ñ¸û¦n¡H°ê®aÀ³¸Ó°l¨D±Ú¸s¤§¶¡ªº¿Ä¦X¡BÁÙ¬O©M¿Ó¡þ©M¥¡H¦pªGn¶i¦æ©M¸Ñ¡A¹ï©ó¹L¥h¤£¤½¤£¸qªº±Ú¸sÀ£¢¡A¬On±Ä¨ú¿ò§Ñ¡B²H¤Æ¡BÁÙ¬O±¹ïªººA«×¡H°ê®aÀ³¸Ó®ø·¥²Ä¶i¦æ¤Ïª[µø¡BÁÙ¬O¿n·¥¦a«O»Ù¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sªºÅv§Q¡]minority rights¡^¡H¨s³º½Ö¤~¬O¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s¡]ethnic minority¡^¡H¬O§_n³]©w°ê®a»y¨¥¡B©x¤è»y¨¥¡B©Î¬O³q¥Î»y¨¥¡H ¥î¡Bµ²»y ¦pªG»¡¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¬O²{¥N«È®a¹B°Ê©Ò¶Ê¥Í¡A¦Ó²{¦³ªº«È®a¾Ç°|¬O¬Fªv¤Hª«¹ê½î¬F¨£¡A¨º»ò¡A§@¬°¡u«È®a¬ã¨s¡vªÀ¸sªº¤@¥÷¤l¡A§Ú̪º³d¥ô¤£©óÓ¤H±M·~ªººë¶i¡B©Î¬O¯Âºé¾Ç³N»â°ìªº«Ø¥ß¡A¦Ó¬OÁÙn¥»µÛ¨}ª¾¨Ó±q¨Æ«ä·Q±Ò»X¤u§@¡B¥H¤Î°ö¾i¨ã¦³«È®aºë¯«ªºª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l¡F¦]¦¹¡A§Ų́䣺¡¨¬¹ï©ó«È®a²{¶Hªº¥¨²ÓÃû¿ò´yz¡AÁÙn¹Á¸Õ¥h¸ÑÄÀ¨ì©³¬Oþ¨Ç¦]¯À«Øºc¦Ó¦¨ªº¡An¥h¤ÀªR«È®a»{¦P¦p¦ó¼vÅT«È®a±Ú¸sªº¶°Åé¦æ¬°¡A§ón°w¹ï«È®a±Ú¸s¡B±Ú¸sÃö«Y¡B¥H¤Î°ê®a©w¦ì¡A´£¥X¦³®Äªº¬Fµ¦«Ø¨¥¡C ¦pªG¦³¤H¦]¬°«È®a¬ã¨sªÌ°õµÛ©ó¦p¦¹ªºªÀ·|ÃöÃh¡A¶i¦Ó³Q«ü±±³o¬O¡u¬Fªv¥¿½T¡v¡A¥¿¦n¬ðÅã³o¨Ç¤£¹¤H¶¡·Ï¤õªÌ§@¬°¾Ç³Nµ×^ªº¶ÆºC¡F¦pªG³o¨Ç¤H°©¤l¸Ì¯u¥¿¾á¤ßªº¡A¬O«È®a¬ã¨sªÌ¥´¯}²{ª¬©ÒÁôÂ꺵²ºc©Ê¡B¬Æ¦Ü©ó¤å¤Æ©Ê¼É¤O¡A¨º»ò¡A¥L̤£¶È¬OµL¶dªº®ÇÆ[ªÌ¡B©Î¬O¤£¸g·Nªº¨ü¯qªÌ¡A¦Ó¥B¬O³oºØ¤ä°tÃö«Yªº»W·NÀ°¥û¡B¬Æ¦Ü©ó¬O´c·Nªº¥[®`ªÌ¡C ¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A®Ú¾ÚGarza¡]1999¡^¹ï©ó¬ü°ê¾¥¦èô¸Ç¬ã¨sªº¦Ò¹î¡A¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s¾ÇªÌ¡]minority scholars¡^ªº¬ã¨s¡A¨Ã¥¼¦]¬°¦Û¨ªº¬Fªv«H©À¡B©Î¬O¹ï©ó±Ú¸sªºÃöÃh¦Ó¦³©Ò´î·l¡A¦]¦¹¡A©Ò¿×¡u¤£°÷«ÈÆ[¡BÄYÂÔ¡vªº¶C·´¡A¥u·|ªýê¦~»´ªº¾¥¦èô¸Ç±q¨Æ¾¥¦èô¸Ç¬ã¨s¡CLowy¡]1995¡^¬Æ¦Ü©ó¥D±i¡A쥻³o¨Ç±Ú¸s¬ã¨s¾÷ºcªº³]¥ß¡A°£¤F¦³ª¾ÃѤWªº¥ô°È¡A§ó¦³¬Fªv¤WªºÃöÁä³d¥ô¡C ®Ú¾ÚAustralian
Vice-Chancellors¡¦ Committee¡]2001¡^¡A¿D¬wªº¤j¾Ç´X¥G³£¦³¬ÛÃöì¦í¥Á±Úªº±Ð¾Ç¬ã¨s³æ¦ì¡A¦Óì¦í¥Á±Ú¡]Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander¡^¥u¦û¤F¿D¬wÁ`¤H¤fªº2.1%¡]Australian Bureau
of Statistics, 1998¡^¡C¬Û¸û¤§¤U¡A¥xÆW«È®a±Ú¸sªº¤H¤f¦Ü¤Ö¦û¤FÁ`¤H¤fªº12.6%¡]·¨¤å¤s¡A2004¡^¡A¦]¦¹¡A¥ú¬O¹ï©ó«È®a±Ú¸s¨Ó»¡¡A²{¦³ªº«È®a¬ã¨s¾Ç°|¡þ¨t©Ò¡þ¤¤¤ß¡AÅãµM¤£¨¬¡F¦pªG¥H±Ú¸s©M¿ÓªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¬Ý¡AÅý«D«È®a¤H¦³¾÷·|¤F¸Ñ«È®a±Ú¸s¡A¬F©²À³¸Ó¦Ò¼{¦A¼W¥[¤Q¿ªº¬ÛÃö«È®a¬ã¨s¾÷ºc¡C ¡@ °Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm ¡mªü«óªº«È®a¬Fµ¦¡n¡Cc. 2000¡CµL¥Xª©³B¡Gªü«ó«È®aÁ`³¡¡C ±iºû¦w¡C2004¡C¡q«È®a¬ã¨s»P«È®a¾Ç¡r«ÅŪ©ó¥xÆW«È®a¬ã¨s¾Ç·|¦¨¥ß®y½Í·|¡uÁÚ¦V«È¾Ç¤§¸ô¡G«È®a¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¦^ÅU»P®i±æ¡v¡A¥x¥_¡A¥xÆW¤j¾Çªk¾Ç°|°ê»Ú·|ijÆU¡A2¤ë14¤é¡C ³¯¹B´É¡C1991¡C¡q«È®a¾Ç¬ã¨s¾É½×¡r¦¬©ó®}¥¿¥ú½s¡m±r«Þ©ó±Ú¸s©M²{¹ê¤§¶¡¡G«È®aªÀ·|»P¤å¤Æ¡n¶10-15¡C¥x¥_¡G¥¿¤¤®Ñ§½¡C ²ø^³¹¡C2004¡C¡qÁÚ¦V«È®a¾Ç¤§¸ô¡G«È®a±Ú¸s¥vªº¦^ÅU»P®i±æ¡r«ÅŪ©ó¥xÆW«È®a¬ã¨s¾Ç·|¦¨¥ß®y½Í·|¡uÁÚ¦V«È¾Ç¤§¸ô¡G«È®a¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¦^ÅU»P®i±æ¡v¡A¥x¥_¡A¥xÆW¤j¾Çªk¾Ç°|°ê»Ú·|ijÆU¡A2¤ë14¤é¡C ªL׺«¡C2004¡C¡q«È®a¾Ç¬ã¨s¥v½×¢w¢w«È®a¾Çªº¦¨¥ß»Pµo®i¡nµoªí©ó©ó¦æ¬F°|«È®a©eû·|¥D¿ì¡u2004«È®aª¾Ãѽ׾¡v¡A¥x¥_¡A°ê»ÚÃÀ³N§ø¡A12¤ë19¤é¡C ¬I¥¿¾W¡C2004¡C¡m¥xÆW«È®a±Ú¸s¬Fªv»P¬Fµ¦¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¿«Äª¹Ï®Ñ¥Xª©¤½¥q¡C ·¨°êøÊ¡Cn.d.¡C¡q«È®a¾Çªº©w¸qªº¯ìij¡r¡]pdf¡^¡C ·¨¤å¤s¡C2004¡C¡m¥þ°ê«È®a¤H¤f°ò¦¸ê®Æ½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¦æ¬F°|«È®a©eû·|¡]http://www.
hakka.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=6918&CtNode=518&mp=298&ps=¡^¡C Anderson,
Talmadge. 1990. ¡§Black Studies: Overview and Theoretical
Perspective,¡¨ in Talmadge Anderson, ed. Black Studies: Theory, Method, and
Cultural Perspectives, pp. 1-10. Pullman, Wash.: Washington State
University Press. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1998. ¡§2034.0 -
Census of Population and Housing: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
People, Australia, 1996.¡¨ (http://www.abs.gov.au/
Ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/c159fa62a2e98d2fca2568a9001393e4!OpenDocument) Australian Vice-Chancellors¡¦ Committee. 2001. Indigenous
Culture in Higher Education. Council of Australia¡¦s University
Presidents (http://www.avcc.edu.au/content.asp?
page=/policies_ programs/indigenous/ index.htm). Champagne,
Duane. 1996. ¡§American Indian Studies Is for Everyone.¡¨ American
Indian Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 77-82. Champagne,
Duane, and Jay Stauss. 2002. ¡§Introduction: Defining Indian
Studies through Stories and Nation Building,¡¨ in Duane Champagne, and Jay
Stauss, eds. Native American Studies in Higher Education: Models for
Collaboration between Universities and Indigenous Nations, pp.
1-15. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Altamira Press. Cook-Lynn,
Elizabeth. 1991. ¡§The Radical Conscience in Native American
Studies.¡¨ Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 9-13. Duran,
Livie Isaro, and H. Russell Bernard, eds. 1973. Introduction
of Chicano Studies. New York: Macmillan. Ford,
Nick Aaron. 1973. Black Studies: Threat or Challenge?
Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press. Goodin,
Robert E., and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, 1996. ¡§Political Science: The
Discipline,¡¨ in Robert E. Goodin, and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, eds. A
New Handbook of Political Science, pp. 3-49. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Garcia,
John A. 1997. ¡§Latino Studies and Political Science: Politics and
Power Perspectives for Latino Communities and Its Impact on the Discipline.¡¨ JSRI
Occasional Paper, No. 34. Garza,
Hisauro. 1999. ¡§Objectivity, Scholarship, and Advocacy: The
Chicano/Latino Scholar in America.¡¨ JSRI Occasional Paper, No. 58. Hare,
Nathan. 1771. ¡§What Should Be the Role of Afro-American Education
in the Undergraduate Curriculum,¡¨ in John W. Blassingame, ed. New
Perspectives on Black Studies, pp. 3-15. Urbana, Ill.: University
of Illinois Press. Karenga,
Maulana. 1993. Introduction to Black Studies. Los
Angel: University of Sankore Press. Kershaw,
Terry. 1990. ¡§The Emerging Paradigm in Black Studies,¡¨ in
Anderson Talmadge, ed. Black Studies: Theory, Method, and Cultural
Perspectives, pp. 17-24. Pullman, Wash.: Washington State University
Press. Kulchyski,
Peter. 2000. ¡§What Ia Native Studies,¡¨ in Ron F. Laliberte,
Priscilla Settee, James B. Waldram, Rob Innes, Brenda Macdougall, Lesley
MaBain, and F. Laurie Barron, eds. Expressions in Canadian Native Studies,
pp 13-26. Saskatoon, Sask.: University Extension Press. Lowy,
Richard F. 1995. ¡§Eurocentrism, Ethnic Studies, and the New World
Order: Toward a Critical Paradigm.¡¨ Journal of Black Studies,
Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 712-36. Morrison,
Dane, ed. 1997. American Indian Studies: An Interdisciplinary
Approach to Contemporary Issues. New York: Peter Lang. Poblete,
Juan, ed. 2003. Critical Latin American and Latino Studies.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Price,
John A. 1978. Native Studies: American and Canadian Indians.
Toronto: McGraw-Hill Pyerson. Robinson,
Armstead L., Craig C. Foster, and Donald H. Ogilvie, eds. 1969. Black
Studies in the University: A Symposium. New Haven: Yale University
Press. Rosaldo,
Renato. 1985. ¡§Chicano Studies, 1970-1984.¡¨ Annual Review
of Anthropology, Vol. 14, pp. 405-27. Yang,
Philip Q. 2000. Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches.
Albany: State University of New York Press. * µoªí©ó¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç«È®a¾Ç°|Á|¿ì¡u²Ä¤@©¡¥xÆW«È®a¬ã¨s°ê»Ú¬ã°Q·|¢w¢w¥þ²yµø³¥¤Uªº«È®a»P¦a¤èªÀ·|¡v¡A¥x¥_¡A°ê»Ú·|ij¤¤¤ß¡A2006/10/29-30¡C ** 10699¥x¥_¥«¶l¬F«H½c26¤§447¸¹¡Fcfshih@mailtku.edu.tw¡C °ª¶¯®v½d¤j¾Ç¡]2004¡^¡B¥H¤Î«ÌªF±Ð¨|¤j¾Ç¡]2004¡^¤À§O³]¦³«È®a¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s©Ò¡C¦¨¥\¤j¾Ç¡]2003¡^¡B¶}«nºÞ²z¾Ç°|¡]2004¡^¡B¥H¤Î¥È®N¤j¾Ç¡]2005¡^³]¦³«È®a¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡CÃþ¦üªº¾÷ºc¦³¬ü©M§Þ³N¾Ç°|«È®aªÀ°Ï¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡]2003¡BìºÙ«È®a¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡^¡B«ÌªF«È®a¤j¾Ç«È®a²£·~¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡]2004¡^¡B»²^¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç«È®a°·±d¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡]2005¡^¡B¥H¤Î©ú·s¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç«È®a¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡]2000¡^¡C¥t¥~¡A¤¤¤sÂå¾Ç¤j¾Ç¥xÆW»y¤å¾Ç¨t³]¦³«È»y²Õ¡B¥H¤Î°ê¥ß·s¦Ë±Ð¨|¤j¾Ç¥xÆW»y¨¥»P»y¤å±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©Ò³]¦³¥xÆW«È®a»y²Õ¡C Ä´¦p¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç³qÃѱШ|¤¤¤ß±Ð±Â¶Àô¹«ü±±¡A¡u¤¤¤j¨S¦³ªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç°|¡A«È®a¬ÛÃö®v¸ê¤]¤£¥R¨¬¡A´N³]¥ß«È®a¾Ç°|¡A¬O¬Fªv¤ä²¼¤z¹w±Ð¨|¬Fµ¦¡v¡]¡mÁp¦X³ø¡n2003/11/20¡^¡C ¦³Ãö¡u«È®a¾Ç¡vªº°Q½×¡A¨£±iºû¦w¡]2004¡^¡B³¯¹B´É¡]1991¡^¡B²ø^³¹¡]2004¡^¡BªL׺«¡]2004¡^¡B¥H¤Î·¨°êøÊ¡]n.d.¡^¡C ¤SºÙ¬°¡u¾¥¦èô¸Ç¬ã¨s¡v¡]Chicano Studies¡^¡F¨£Duran»PBernard¡]1973¡^¡BGarcia¡]1997¡^¡BPoblete¡]2003¡^¡B¥H¤ÎRosaldo¡]1985¡^¡C ¨º»ò¡A¨s³ºÀ³¸Ó¡u¥ý¦³ªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç°|¡B¤~·|¦³«È®a¾Ç°|¡v¡BÁÙ¬O¡u¦³¤F«È®a¾Ç°|¡B´N¥i¥H°ö¾iªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç°|ªº¤H¤~¡v¡H Ä´¦p¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç«È®a¾Ç°|¦¨¥ßªº©v¦®¬°¡u°ö¾i°ª¶¥¾Ç³N¬ã¨s»P±Ð¾Ç¤H¤~¡B²`¤Æ«È®a¾Ç°ò¦»P«È®a¬ã¨s¡v¡F¨£http://hakka.ncu.edu.tw/hakka/modules/xt_conteudo/?id=3¡C¦Ó¥æ³q¤j¾Ç«È®a¤å¤Æ¾Ç°|ªº¥Ø¼Ð¦ü¥G¸û¬°¿n·¥¡A°£¤F´¦¥Ü¡u±À¼s«È®a»y¨¥¤Î¤å¤Æ¡A«P¶i°·¥þ»P¥ÃÄòµo®i¤§«È®a¤å¤Æ¥ÍºA¡v¥H¥~¡AÁÙ´Á³\¡u«P¶i«È®a±Ú¸s»P°ê¤º¨ä¥L±Ú¸s¬Æ¦Ü¥þ²y¨ä¥L¦a°Ï«È®aªÀ¸s¤§¨}©Ê·¾³qÁpô¡A¥H¶i¤@¨B«Ø¥ß¦X§@¥ë¦ñÃö«Y¡A¬°«È®a¤å¤Æ«O¦s¤Î±Ú¸sºë¯«¿Ä¦X¦@¦P§V¤O¡v¡F¨£http://hakka.nctu.edu.tw/Hakka-A-webpage/hakka_B_002.htm¡C |